Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century Javanese poem (Java, Indonesia)

Abstract

Abstract. Mulyanto D, Iskandar J, Gunawan R, Partasasmita R. 2019. Ethnoornithology: Identification of bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana, a 9th-century Javanese poem (Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 20: 3213-3222. Birds have played an important role in Javanese culture for a long time. For example, birds have been culturally used as sources of folk stories, myths, illustrated old manuscripts, paintings on relief walls of temples, and inspiration of writers to make poems. This article presents the results of an ethnoornithology study that tried to identify all bird names mentioned in Kakawin Rāmāyana (KR), an old Javanese poem, using a qualitative method, mainly interpreting KR text based on an ethnoornithological approach. The results showed that 84 bird names are mentioned in the Kakawin Rāmāyana, belonging to 26 families, and 17 orders. The birds mentioned in KR are predominantly residents, some are regular visitors or vagrant, and only a few are absent. The orders whose members appear most often are Passeriformes (18), Columbiformes (7), Pelecaniformes (6), Ciconiiformes (5), and Cuculiformes (5). There are only 13 names which are Sanskrit in origin. Based on this study, it can be inferred that birds have played an important role in Javanese culture.

Folk name and lore of birds from the Sundanese of West Java, Indonesia: An ethno-ornithological survey

“…Anis and around 60 other binomials belong to names whose meanings are unknown. Some of them, such as dadali [Falconidae], heulang [Accipitridae], bango [Egret], trik [Bee-eater], manyar [Ploceus manyar Horsfield, Family of Ploceidae], and pelung [Porphyrio porphyrio Linnaeus, Fairy of Rallidae] are an ancient name for the same bird family, genus, or species that can be found in a 9 th century Old Javanese manuscripts, Kakawin Ramayana (see Mulyanto et al 2019).…”