Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Hair

Skopp, Gisela; Schmitt, Georg; Pötsch, Lucia; Drönner, Peter; Aderjan, R.; Mattern, Rainer

doi:10.1093/alcalc/35.3.283

Cited by 100 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In analyzing more than 1000 urine samples from clinical and forensic cases, we have found that LC-MS/MS has advantages over GC-MS analysis [16,31,32] because of higher sample throughput by shorter analysis time (10 min per run instead of approximately 20 min), no need for derivatization as in GC-MS, and less contamination of the chromatographic system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmatory analysis of ethylglucuronide in urine by liquid-chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry according to forensic guidelines

Weinmann¹,

Schaefer²,

Thierauf³

et al. 2004

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

125

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␤-D-ethylglucuronide (EtG) is a stable Phase II metabolite of ethanol which can be detected in urine samples several days after elimination of ethanol. It is a useful diagnostic parameter for monitoring abstinence of alcoholics in alcohol withdrawal treatment. For this purpose, determination in urine is mainly performed by LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, or by GC-MS. For the mass spectrometric identification and detection of controlled substances in more sensitive fields such as forensic toxicology, workplace drug testing, doping analysis, and veterinary organic residue control, official guidelines have been released requiring a chromatographic separation and a minimum of two mass spectrometric transitions of the analyte. However alcohol consumption remain suboptimal with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, these biomarkers can be influenced by age, gender, and a variety of substances and non-alcohol-associated diseases, and do not fully cover the time axis for alcohol intake. Conjugation of ethanol with activated glucuronic acid in the presence of membrane-bound mitochondrial UDP glucuronyl transferase represents a minor detoxification pathway for ethanol: About 0.02-0.06% (mean) of the dose of ethanol administered is recovered as ␤-D-ethylglucuronide (EtG) in urine in humans [1] and-dose dependent-0.5-1.5% in rabbits [2]. EtG is a non-volatile, water-soluble, stable, direct metabolite of ethanol that can be detected in various body fluids, tissues and hair. EtG (C 8 H 14 O 7 ) has a molecular weight of 222 g/mol, and the melting point (decomposition temperature) is about 150°C. Shortly after the initial consumption of even small amounts of ethanol, EtG is formed. It has been detected in urine up to 80 h after the complete elimination of alcohol from the body and was not detectable in teetotalers with a 0.1 mg/L cut-off [3,4]. EtG is unique in covering this important time span of one to three days after alcohol uptake. In urine, it can be detected longer than ethanol. Therefore, EtG meets the need for a sensitive and specific marker to elucidate alcohol use not detected by

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmatory analysis of ethylglucuronide in urine by liquid-chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry according to forensic guidelines

Weinmann¹,

Schaefer²,

Thierauf³

et al. 2004

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Stigma and fear of delay or exclusion from the transplant process may lead patients to deny use or attempt to falsify toxicology screens (1) (17). In the addictions field, the goal of a long-term marker for alcohol consumption has been realized through analysis of EtG in hair, with heavy drinkers differentiated from nondrinkers and light drinkers (18,19 (23) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair Analysis Versus Conventional Methods of Drug Testing in Substance Abusers Seeking Organ Transplantation

Haller

Acosta

Lewis

et al. 2010

American Journal of Transplantation

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As substance abusers need to demonstrate abstinence prior to transplant, valid/reliable drug tests are needed. Patients may deny use, fearing surgery will be delayed. Breath, blood and urine tests have brief detection windows that allow patients to evade detection. Routine laboratory tests do not include all substances of abuse. Hair analysis overcomes these barriers, increasing the likelihood that active users will be identified. This study compared results for alcohol, opioids and cocaine based on 445 self-report, breath, urine and hair samples from 42 patients who had been denied a transplant due to recent substance abuse. Compared to hair toxicology, sensitivity for conventional drug tests was moderate for cocaine and opioids, but poor for alcohol. Of positive hair tests, only half were corroborated through other tests. In contrast, specificity was high across tests and substances, with positive findings from conventional tests confirmed through hair toxicology. Based on a 90-day detection window for hair analysis, two negative tests suggest 6 months of continuous abstinence. Hair testing should be considered as an alternative approach for monitoring substance use in the transplant population, either as a routine procedure or when the veracity of findings from conventional tests is in doubt.

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“…EtG is minor metobolite of alcohol metabolism produced when alcohol is glucoronidated with activated glucoronic acid (UDP-GA) [64]. Several studies have investigated the measurement of EtG in hair [33,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. Hair analysis of EtG has been shown to be highly specific (100%) in the detection of heavy alcohol users, however there have been variable reports with regards to the test's sensitivity, ranging between 50 and 100%.…”

Section: Combined Use Of Hair Faee With Hair Ethyl Glucuronidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hair analysis of EtG has been shown to be highly specific (100%) in the detection of heavy alcohol users, however there have been variable reports with regards to the test's sensitivity, ranging between 50 and 100%. This variation is likely due to the large range of analytical limits of detection (LOD) reported between laboratorie [64][65][66][67][68] hermore, a previous study showed that in a cohort of heavy drinkers both FAEE and EtG hair tests were able to identify all alcoholic patients, therefore, the tests acted redundantly [68]. Consequently, it remains possible that the use of both tests may have added value for the detection of pregnant alcohol abusers; however, more research is required to determine the cost versus the benefits.…”

Section: Combined Use Of Hair Faee With Hair Ethyl Glucuronidementioning

confidence: 99%

The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) hair test: emerging technology for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

Kulaga¹,

Pragst²,

Koren³

2009

Ann Toxicol Anal

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-Aim: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the most prevalent cause of neurocognitive handicap among North American children. A serious challenge in the diagnosis of FASD is the need to document excessive maternal drinking during pregnancy, however maternal self-report is often unreliable creating a need for an objective biomarker. Methodology: Testing for xenobiotics in hair has been gaining popularity in recent years as a screening method for drug use because of its unique advantage of being non-invasive and providing a stable, long-term record of past and or chronic drug exposure. The recent advent of a hair test to measure excessive alcohol use, the FAEE hair test, has opened the door to exploring its use as a new diagnostic tool for FASD. The current article briefly reviews recent advances in research involving the FAEE hair test in this context. Conclusion: Recent advances in research involving the FAEE hair test suggest that FAEE hair analysis may be a powerful tool in detecting heavy alcohol use in the perinatal period and in FASD diagnosis.Key words: Foetal alcoholism spectrum disorder biomarker, FAEE, hair testing Résumé -Objectif : Le syndrome d'alcoolisation foetal (SAF) est en Amérique du Nord la première cause de handicaps neuro-cognitifs chez l'enfant. Quantifier la consommation excessive pendant la grossesse apparaît crucial pour le diagnostic du SAF, cependant l'information fournie par la mère elle-même apparaît souvent peu fiable, et rend né-cessaire le recours à un marqueur biologique fiable. Méthodes : La recherche de xénobiotiques dans les cheveux s'est généralisée, ces dernières années, pour détecter l'usage de produits toxiques : elle présente l'avantage de ne pas être traumatique, tout en informant de façon continue, sur de longues périodes quant à l'exposition passée ou chronique à des xénobiotiques. L'arrivée récente d'un test capillaire pour évaluer la consommation excessive d'alcool -recherche et dosage des FAAE -a posé la question de son utilisation comme nouvel outil de diagnostic du SAF. Le présent article passe en revue les avancées récentes concernant l'utilisation du test FAAE dans ce contexte. Conclusion : Les recherches relatives au test FAAE montrent que l'analyse des cheveux par ce test peut se révéler un outil puissant pour détecter la consommation d'alcool à hautes doses en période prénatale, et peut être utilisé pour le dépistage du SAF.

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Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Hair

Cited by 100 publications

References 7 publications

Confirmatory analysis of ethylglucuronide in urine by liquid-chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry according to forensic guidelines

Confirmatory analysis of ethylglucuronide in urine by liquid-chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry according to forensic guidelines

Hair Analysis Versus Conventional Methods of Drug Testing in Substance Abusers Seeking Organ Transplantation

The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) hair test: emerging technology for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

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