Ethyl hexanoate rich stream from grape pomace: A viable route to obtain fine chemicals from agro by-products

A Closed-Loop Biorefinery Approach for the Valorization of Winery Waste: The Production of Iron-Sulfonated Magnetic Biochar Catalysts and 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural from Grape Pomace and Stalks

“…The design and development of an integrated biorefinery for the valorization of wine waste could offer potential benefits in terms of environmental and economic sustainability, especially if the objective of "zero-waste" discharge was achieved [15][16][17]. Several studies have been conducted on the valorization of winery waste through the extraction of chemical compounds [18][19][20] and bioactive molecules, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins and stilbenes, for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [21][22][23][24]. However, these components represent only 5-10% of the dry matter, not effectively solving the problem of waste disposal.…”

Wine Production Wastes, Valorization, and Perspectives

“…A sustainable production process of ethyl hexanoate (ester with flavor of pineapple) from GP was evaluated. GP was used for the production of hexanoic acid that was further converted to ethyl hexanoate [49]. The proposed process demonstrated to be a possible alternative to fossil-derived hexanoic acid.…”

“…Method used Reference oleanolic acid, polyphenols, amino acids, anthocyanins ethanol extraction [48] polyphenols, fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals and protein ethanol extraction [47] hexanoic acid fermentation [49] polyphenols surfactants extraction [50] anthocyanins ultrasound-assisted extraction [51] anthocyanins extraction with eutectic solvents [52] substitute for wheat flour direct use [53] pectin conventional, microwave-assisted, and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction [54] polyphenols non-ionic surfactants extraction [55] animal feed direct use [56] energy pyrolysis [57] polysaccharides extraction [58] Table 3.…”

Effective Upgrading of Levulinic Acid into Hexyl Levulinate Using AlCl3·6H2O as a Catalyst

“…Recently, aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl 3 •6H 2 O) resulted to be very efficient in catalyzing the esterification reaction under homogeneous catalysis and useful for simplifying the purification of the product, inducing a favorable separation of the resulting esters by the co-produced water, in two different phases [30,31]. In detail, at the end of esterification reactions catalyzed by AlCl 3 •6H 2 O, the catalyst was observed to be completely solubilized in the bottom phase, where almost all of the water produced by the reaction (>90% wt) was present, and the ester completely present in the top phase, together with the unreacted reagents.…”

“…In detail, at the end of esterification reactions catalyzed by AlCl 3 •6H 2 O, the catalyst was observed to be completely solubilized in the bottom phase, where almost all of the water produced by the reaction (>90% wt) was present, and the ester completely present in the top phase, together with the unreacted reagents. Furthermore, it was completely recoverable and reusable for several reaction cycles [31] and, according to an LCA study for biodiesel production, it was found to be the less impacting catalyst compared to sulfuric acid and some solid acid catalysts (mixed metal oxides, functionalized halloysites, mesoporous perovskite, and functionalized silicas) [32]. In this work, the use of AlCl 3 •6H 2 O for the esterification reactions of levulinic acid with 1-hexanol was investigated.…”