Ethyl levulinate synthesis from biomass derivative chemicals using iron doped sulfonated carbon cryogel catalyst

Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad; Asmadi, Mohd; Iskandar, Persia; Ahmad, Wan Amri Nazreen Wan; Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina; Hoe, Tie Teck

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124686

Cited by 36 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…According to the characteristics of the catalysts reported in the literature, 20 activities of different catalysts were systematically investigated. In the entire alcoholysis reaction system, DES formed by ChCl and ethanol was used as solvent and 5-SSA as catalyst.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by a Deep Eutectic Solvent

Wang

Ding

2022

ACS Omega

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In this study, the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol (FA) into ethyl levulinate (EL) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethanol was investigated by experiments and calculations. Experimental results reveal that the addition of 5-sulfonic acid salicylic acid (5-SSA) can catalyze the alcoholysis of FA to produce EL. The combined presence of ChCl and 5-SSA significantly improved the selectivity for EL. The mechanism of the alcoholysis of FA to EL in acidic DES was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations in Gaussian 03. It was found that hydrogen-bond acceptor ChCl is coupled with hydrogen-bond donor ethanol to form a structure similar to HCl and ethoxy, which facilitates the alcoholysis of FA into EL.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by a Deep Eutectic Solvent

Wang

Ding

2022

ACS Omega

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“…TPC-S prepared by sulfonation of TPC had no change except a decrease in peak intensity. This is because the concentrated H 2 SO 4 affects the structure of the chemical bonding of the biocarbon [25]. Generally, carbon with an amorphous structure is due to its disordered layered structure [26], indicating that the polymeric carbon is stacked by aromatic carbon layers.…”

Section: Catalyst Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, during this period, the conversion of fructose was 100%. This can be attributed to the fact that more humin adhering to the catalyst surface with the extension of time inhibited the reaction activity [42], and the water formed in the reaction process led to the hydrolysis of the target product [25]. Overall, the optimum reaction time for EL yield was 10 h. The catalytic properties of TPC-S were estimated by the conversion of fructose into EL in the ethanol system.…”

Section: Catalytic Reactions 221 Effect Of Temperature and Time On El...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose

Liu

Luo

et al. 2022

Catalysts

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Currently, the utilization of lignocellulose mainly focuses on the conversion of polysaccharide components to value-added chemicals, such as ethyl levulinate (EL). Lignin is an important component of lignocellulosic biomass that is often neglected. Herein, ternary polymeric carbon (TPC–S) was synthesized by polymerization of mixed monomers (4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, and 4-propylphenol) derived from lignin and subsequent sulfonation, which was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transformation of fructose to EL. Through a series of characterization methods, it was illustrated that the prepared catalyst had a layered porous structure. The calculated carbon layer spacing is 0.413 nm, and the average pore size is 5.1 nm. This structure greatly increases the specific surface area (165.2 m2/g) of the catalyst, which makes it possible to introduce more –SO3H species in the process of sulfonation, thus furnishing EL with increased yield. The effects of reaction temperature, time, catalyst dosage, and fructose initial concentration on the production of EL were investigated. It was found that 70.3% EL yield was detected at 130 °C for 10 h. In addition, the catalyst had good stability and could obtain 65.6% yield of EL in the fourth cycle. The obtained catalyst has the advantages of low cost, easy preparation, and high catalytic efficiency, which is expected to achieve efficient utilization of lignin and provide a potential solution for the future production of EL.

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“…OMSA give 80.6 % yield of EL when rection carried out at 200°C for 3 h. [13] Sulfonated carbon cryogel with iron (Fe) doping (UCCÀ SÀ Fe) was used for FA ethanolysis forming 95.4 mol % of EL. [14] Guo et al studied catalytic activity of bifunctional, amino-sulfonated functional carbon materials (NS-FCM) for EL synthesis. This catalyst gave 78 % conversion of FA with 80 % selectivity for EL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OMSA give 80.6 % yield of EL when rection carried out at 200 °C for 3 h [13] . Sulfonated carbon cryogel with iron (Fe) doping (UCC−S−Fe) was used for FA ethanolysis forming 95.4 mol % of EL [14] . Guo et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐Pot Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Alkyl Levulinates Using Heterogenized p‐TSA Catalyst**

2021

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Synthesis of levulinate esters which are known to be excellent sustainable fuel additives, was achieved by alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol over strong solid acid catalyst, prepared by copolymerization of p-toluenesulfonic acid with paraformaldehyde. Our catalyst possessed Brønsted acidity (3 mmol/g) with an excellent stability up to 220°C. XPS, FT-IR and Pyridine-IR along with microanalysis studies confirmed the presence of terminal À SO 3 H functional groups responsible for Brønsted acidity in the catalyst. The catalyst was found to efficiently catalyze the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol to give alkyl levulinates under mild reaction conditions. The complete conversion of furfuryl alcohol with 96 % and 97 % selectivities to ethyl and butyl levulinates could be achieved using ethanol and butanol, respectively. Detailed study on effect of various reaction parameters like catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature on conversion and product distribution was also carried out for the ethanolysis of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate. The catalyst could be easily recovered and recycled for five times successfully, with no loss in its original activity.

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Ethyl levulinate synthesis from biomass derivative chemicals using iron doped sulfonated carbon cryogel catalyst

Cited by 36 publications

References 52 publications

Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by a Deep Eutectic Solvent

Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by a Deep Eutectic Solvent

Lignin-Derived Ternary Polymeric Carbon as a Green Catalyst for Ethyl Levulinate Upgrading from Fructose

Single‐Pot Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Alkyl Levulinates Using Heterogenized p‐TSA Catalyst**

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