Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005–2006 and 2011–2012

Capella, Kimberly M.; Roland, Katharine; Geldner, Nathan; deCastro, B. Rey; Jesús, Víctor R. De; Bemmel, Dana van; Blount, Benjamin C.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.018

Cited by 36 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…We detected at least one of the 20 VOCMs in over 99% of sampled participants, confirming widespread exposure to harmful VOCs in the general U.S. adult population. This finding is consistent with data from the NHANES [ 1 , 13 , 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The NHANES is a population-based survey designed to assess health and nutritional status through a cross-sectional observation of a complex, multistage probability sample representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States [ 12 ]. Participants were classified as smokers and non-users as previously described [ 13 , 24 , 25 ]. Only smokers (serum cotinine > 10 ng/mL) and non-users (serum cotinine ≤ 10 ng/mL) were examined in this comparison since there were not enough NHANES study participants who could be apportioned into the other two user groups studied in this report.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Jesús

Bhandari

Zhang

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the environment. In the United States (U.S.), tobacco smoke is the major non-occupational source of exposure to many harmful VOCs. Exposure to VOCs can be assessed by measuring their urinary metabolites (VOCMs). The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a U.S. national longitudinal study of tobacco use in the adult and youth civilian non-institutionalized population. We measured 20 VOCMs in urine specimens from a subsample of adults in Wave 1 (W1) (2013–2014) to characterize VOC exposures among tobacco product users and non-users. We calculated weighted geometric means (GMs) and percentiles of each VOCM for exclusive combustible product users (smokers), exclusive electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, exclusive smokeless product users, and tobacco product never users. We produced linear regression models for six VOCMs with sex, age, race, and tobacco user group as predictor variables. Creatinine-ratioed levels of VOCMs from exposure to acrolein, crotonaldehyde, isoprene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were significantly higher in smokers than in never users. Small differences of VOCM levels among exclusive e-cigarette users and smokeless users were observed when compared to never users. Smokers showed higher VOCM concentrations than e-cigarette, smokeless, and never users. Urinary VOC metabolites are useful biomarkers of exposure to harmful VOCs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Jesús

Bhandari

Zhang

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…The levels observed in the present study are difficult to compare, as, to our knowledge, no other study has measured these compounds in meconium. Thus, comparison with other biomonitoring studies using other matrices are difficult to interpret, even if BTEX-S have been widely detected in the general population in blood samples (32) and their metabolites in blood and urine samples (33)(34)(35). For example, NHANES biomonitoring studies of urine among children in 2005-2012 (35) detected PGA in more than 90% of samples, suggesting that exposure to PGA is indeed widespread compared to the 6.5% of quantification in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

“…However, little is known about the fetal pharmacokinetics and metabolism of PGA and we cannot currently infer external exposure associated with the potential increased risk suggested by our results. In nonoccupational settings, the major source of exposure to BTEX-S comes from exposure to tobacco (35,36), as well as indoor and outdoor air pollution (37)(38)(39). In addition, BTEX-S have been reported to be present in food (40,41), although this source of exposure contributed less than other sources, except for styrene, for which food appeared to contribute to the same extent as airborne exposure (42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petroleum and Chlorinated Solvents in Meconium and the Risk of Hypospadias: A Pilot Study

et al. 2021

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Background: Hypospadias is a male congenital malformation that occurs in ~2 of 1,000 births. The association between hypospadias and fetal exposure to environmental chemicals has been studied, but the results are inconsistent. Although several petroleum and chlorinated solvents are suspected to have teratogenic effects, their role in the occurrence of hypospadias has been little studied and never using biomarkers of exposure. We aimed to evaluate the association between fetal exposure to petroleum and chlorinated solvents measured in meconium and the occurrence of hypospadias.Methods: We conducted a pilot case-control study in the maternity of the University Hospital of Rennes (France). Eleven cases of hypospadias and 46 controls were recruited between October 2012 and January 2014. Data from hospital records and maternal self-reported questionnaires, including socio-demographic characteristics and occupational and non-occupational exposure to chemicals, were collected. Meconium samples were collected using a standardized protocol. Levels of petroleum solvents (toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and p, m, and o xylene), certain metabolites (mandelic acid, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, S-benzylmercapturic acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid), and two chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) were measured in meconium by gas and liquid chromatography, both coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between the concentration of each chemical and the occurrence of hypospadias were analyzed using exact logistic regressions adjusted for maternal age, educational level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and alcohol, and tobacco consumption during pregnancy. Results are presented with odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: Quantification rates for petroleum and chlorinated solvents or metabolites ranged from 2.2% (for methylhippuric acid) to 77.1% (for trichloroethylene) of the meconium samples. We found a significant association between the quantification of phenylglyoxylic acid (metabolite of styrene and ethylbenzene) in the meconium and a higher risk of hypospadias (OR = 14.2, 95% CI [2.5–138.7]). The risk of hypospadias was non-significantly elevated for most of the other solvents and metabolites.Conclusion: This exploratory study, on a limited number of cases, suggests an association between petroleum solvents and hypospadias. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results and identify the determinants for the presence of these solvents in meconium.

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“…Results for creatinine-normalized MA and PGA from the NHANES 2011-2012 survey are summarized in Table S25 (CDC, 2019). A comparison of MA and PGA urinary levels in smokers vs. non-smokers in NHANES 2005NHANES -2006 and NHANES 2011-2012 indicated significantly higher levels of both metabolites in smokers (Capella et al 2019) (Table S26). The fact that urinary concentrations of MA and PGA rose with age was suggested to be due to decreasing lean body mass.…”

Section: General Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene – an update

Banton

Bus

Collins

et al. 2019

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

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The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closedmold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.

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Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005–2006 and 2011–2012

Cited by 36 publications

References 36 publications

Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Petroleum and Chlorinated Solvents in Meconium and the Risk of Hypospadias: A Pilot Study

Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene – an update

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