Ethylene and Not Embolism Is Required for Wound-Induced Tylose Development in Stems of Grapevines

Abstract

The pruning of actively growing grapevines (Vitis vinifera) resulted in xylem vessel embolisms and a stimulation of tylose formation in the vessels below the pruning wound. Pruning was also followed by a 10-fold increase in the concentration of ethylene at the cut surface. When the pruning cut was made under water and maintained in water, embolisms were prevented, but there was no reduction in the formation of tyloses or the accumulation of ethylene. Treatment of the stems with inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and/or action (silver thiosulfate) delayed and greatly reduced the formation of tyloses in xylem tissue and the size and number of those that formed in individual vessels. Our data are consistent with the hypotheses that wound ethylene production is the cause of tylose formation and that embolisms in vessels are not directly required for wound-induced tylosis in pruned grapevines. The possible role of ethylene in the formation of tyloses in response to other stresses and during development, maturation, and senescence is discussed.

Not All Shrivels Are Created Equal—Morpho-Anatomical and Compositional Characteristics Differ among Different Shrivel Types That Develop during Ripening of Grape (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) Berries

“…Even though a high concentration of sugars occurred in LBSN berries, generally they are not suitable for making wine, nevertheless such clusters can be harvested and used for making wines of different style depending upon its timing of inception. Although LBSN damages phloem tissues [17,95], this study revealed that the xylem vessels developed tyloses possibly in a way similar to pruned grapevine stems that develop tyloses induced by biosynthesis of ethylene [99]. The extent of development and amount of obstruction caused by tyloses determines the formation of necrotic area [100].…”

Vascular Occlusions in Grapevines with Pierce’s Disease Make Disease Symptom Development Worse

“…PD symptom development in grapevines depends on the interactions between the pathogen and the host vine's xylem tissue, through which the pathogen may achieve its systemic spread (Purcell and Hopkins, 1996;Pérez-Donoso et al, 2010;Sun et al, 2011). Since the path for this spread is the host's xylem system, xylem tissue and its vessels have become the major focus for studying potential X. fastidiosa-host vine interactions at the cellular or tissue levels (Fry and Milholland, 1990b;Stevenson et al, 2004a;Sun et al, 2006Sun et al, , 2007Thorne et al, 2006).…”

“…One major aspect is to clarify the process of tylose development itself, in which an open vessel may be gradually sealed (Sun et al, 2006(Sun et al, , 2008. Our investigations of the initiation of tylose formation in grapevines have identified ethylene as an important factor (Pérez-Donoso et al, 2007;Sun et al, 2007). In terms of the relationship of tyloses to grapevine PD, studies have so far led to several controversial viewpoints that are discussed below (Mollenhauer and Hopkins, 1976;Fry and Milholland, 1990b;Stevenson et al, 2004a;.…”

In Vivo Visualizations of Drought-Induced Embolism Spread in Vitis vinifera

“…water-or air-filled) at the time of freezing (Canny, 1997;Melcher et al, 2003;Cobb et al, 2007;Mayr et al, 2007;Johnson et al, 2012). Both transverse (Hukin et al, 2005;Sun et al, 2007;Johnson et al, 2012) and longitudinal (Utsumi et al, 1999) cryo-SEM sections have been prepared, but only provide a snapshot of a single point in time and in a single, two-dimensional plane. Similarly, NMR imaging was used in several studies as a nondestructive visualization tool to study the functional status of the xylem in vivo (Holbrook et al, 2001;Clearwater and Clark, 2003).…”