Ethylene Dibromide: Toxicology and Risk Assessment

Alexeeff, George V.; Kilgore, Wendell W.; Li, Mingyu

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3342-8_2

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…It is a potential carcinogen and can cause liver and kidney damage [1]. Ethylene dibromide has found its way into groundwater due to subsurface releases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of 1,2‐dibromoethane in the presence of zero‐valent iron

Rajagopal¹,

Burris²

1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The degradation reaction of 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide or EDB) in water was studied in the presence of zero-valent iron (acid-cleaned, cast iron) in well-mixed batch aqueous systems. The observed products were ethylene and bromide ions. Carbon and bromine mass recoveries of Ͼ95% were obtained. Bromoethane and vinyl bromide were not observed. The reduction rates of bromoethane and vinyl bromide with iron indicate that they should have been observed if they were significant reaction intermediates for EDB. The results indicate that reductive ␤-elimination may be the dominant reaction pathway. Reaction kinetics are rapid and pseudo-first order. The activation energy was determined to be 50 kJ/mol, indicating that the reaction rate may not be aqueous phase diffusion controlled but rather controlled by the chemical reaction rate on the iron surface. Metallic iron may be a suitable treatment approach for EDB-contaminated groundwater in above-ground, as well as in situ applications, due to rapid kinetics and nontoxic products.

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“…It is a potential carcinogen and can cause liver and kidney damage [1]. Ethylene dibromide has found its way into groundwater due to subsurface releases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of 1,2‐dibromoethane in the presence of zero‐valent iron

Rajagopal¹,

Burris²

1999

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The decreasing market of leaded gasoline in the U.S. has resulted in lower EDB usage, but the disposal of EDB and resultant contamination of water supplies remain an environmental concern. EDB is a known animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen (Alexeeff et al, 1990;ATSDR, 1992). EDB is also irritating to the skin and eyes, and EDB exposure may harm sperm and decrease fertility in humans (Alexeeff et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EDB is a known animal carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen (Alexeeff et al, 1990;ATSDR, 1992). EDB is also irritating to the skin and eyes, and EDB exposure may harm sperm and decrease fertility in humans (Alexeeff et al, 1990). The most important route of exposure to EDB is ingestion of contaminated drinking water (Pignatello and Cohen, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference range concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L -cysteine, a common metabolite of several volatile organic compounds, in the urine of adults in the United States

Calafat

Barr

Pirkle

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid, HEMA) is a urinary metabolite of several hazardous chemicals, including vinyl chloride (VC), ethylene oxide (EO), and ethylene dibromide (EDB). Information about the levels of HEMA in the general population is useful for assessing human exposures to HEMA parent compounds, including VC, EO, and EDB. To establish reference range concentrations for HEMA, we analyzed urine samples from 412 adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) by using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). HEMA was detected in 71% of the samples examined. Creatinine-corrected concentrations ranged from less than 0.68 g/g creatinine to 58.7 g/g creatinine; the 95th percentile concentration was 11.2 g/g creatinine; and the geometric mean and median creatinine-corrected concentrations were both 1.6 g/g creatinine. We observed a statistically significant difference (P=0.0001) in the creatinine-corrected geometric mean concentration values of HEMA between smokers (2.8 g/g creatinine) and nonsmokers (1.1 g/g creatinine). The high levels of HEMA seen among smokers likely originated from HEMA-producing chemicals known to be present in tobacco smoke.

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“…In aquifers, where volatization does not occur, the halflife for EDB undergoing uncatalyzed hydrolysis is 6 years (20). Like DBCP, EDB is very volatile and does not bioaccumulate (21,22); EDB can be absorbed via the dermal or oral routes (23). In humans, EDB is known to be associated with decreased sperm count, an altered percentage of viable and motile sperm, and an increase in certain types of morphological abnormalities of sperm (4,24).…”

Section: Dibromochloropropanementioning

confidence: 99%