Ethylene Modulates Stem Cell Division in the
            <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>
            Root

Ortega-Martínez, Olga; Pernas, Mónica; Carol, Rachel J.; Dolan, Liam

doi:10.1126/science.1143409

Cited by 206 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Both ethylene (ET) and jasmonate (JA) are essential plant hormones that regulate various plant developmental processes and diverse defense responses (Kieber, 1997;Bleecker and Kende, 2000;Guo and Ecker, 2004;Broekaert et al, 2006;Howe and Jander, 2008;Browse, 2009;Shan et al, 2012;Wasternack and Hause, 2013). ET signal is perceived by its receptors ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 (ETR1), ETR2, ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR1 (ERS1), ERS2, and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE4 (EIN4) (Hua and Meyerowitz, 1998) to repress CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) (Kieber et al, 1993), which activates EIN2 (Alonso et al, 1999;Ju et al, 2012;Qiao et al, 2012;Wen et al, 2012) and subsequently stabilizes EIN3 and EIN3-LIKE1 (EIL1) (Chao et al, 1997;Guo and Ecker, 2003;Potuschak et al, 2003;Gagne et al, 2004) to mediate various ET responses, including hypocotyl growth (Zhong et al, 2012), apical hook formation (Knight et al, 1910;An et al, 2012), root growth (Ortega-Martínez et al, 2007;Růzicka et al, 2007), flowering (Ogawara et al, 2003;Achard et al, 2007), fruit ripening (Burg and Burg, 1962;Theologis et al, 1992), leaf senescence (Gepstein and Thimann, 1981;Li et al, 2013), freezing tolerance , and resistance against pathogen infection (Alonso et al, 2003;Chen et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between MYC2 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 Modulates Antagonism between Jasmonate and Ethylene Signaling inArabidopsis

et al. 2014

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Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for integration of endogenous and exogenous signals to adapt to the changing environment. Both the phytohormones jasmonate (JA) and ethylene (ET) regulate plant growth, development, and defense. In addition to synergistic regulation of root hair development and resistance to necrotrophic fungi, JA and ET act antagonistically to regulate gene expression, apical hook curvature, and plant defense against insect attack. However, the molecular mechanism for such antagonism between JA and ET signaling remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that interaction between the JA-activated transcription factor MYC2 and the ET-stabilized transcription factor ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) modulates JA and ET signaling antagonism in Arabidopsis thaliana. MYC2 interacts with EIN3 to attenuate the transcriptional activity of EIN3 and repress ET-enhanced apical hook curvature. Conversely, EIN3 interacts with and represses MYC2 to inhibit JA-induced expression of wound-responsive genes and herbivory-inducible genes and to attenuate JA-regulated plant defense against generalist herbivores. Coordinated regulation of plant responses in both antagonistic and synergistic manners would help plants adapt to fluctuating environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between MYC2 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 Modulates Antagonism between Jasmonate and Ethylene Signaling inArabidopsis

et al. 2014

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“…It is important in responses to stress, such as drought, cold, flooding, and pathogen infection (1,2), and modulates stem cell division (3). The common aquatic ancestor of plants possessed the ethylene signaling pathway and the mechanism has been elucidated by analysis of Arabidopsis (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

EIN2 mediates direct regulation of histone acetylation in the ethylene response

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

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Ethylene gas is essential for developmental processes and stress responses in plants. Although the membrane-bound protein EIN2 is critical for ethylene signaling, the mechanism by which the ethylene signal is transduced remains largely unknown. Here we show the levels of H3K14Ac and H3K23Ac are correlated with the levels of EIN2 protein and demonstrate EIN2 C terminus (EIN2-C) is sufficient to rescue the levels of H3K14/23Ac of ein2-5 at the target loci, using CRISPR/dCas9-EIN2-C. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) and ChIP-reChIP-seq analyses revealed that EIN2-C associates with histone partially through an interaction with EIN2 nuclear-associated protein1 (ENAP1), which preferentially binds to the genome regions that are associated with actively expressed genes both with and without ethylene treatments. Specifically, in the presence of ethylene, ENAP1-binding regions are more accessible upon the interaction with EIN2, and more EIN3 proteins bind to the loci where ENAP1 is enriched for a quick response. Together, these results reveal EIN2-C is the key factor regulating H3K14Ac and H3K23Ac in response to ethylene and uncover a unique mechanism by which ENAP1 interacts with chromatin, potentially preserving the open chromatin regions in the absence of ethylene; in the presence of ethylene, EIN2 interacts with ENAP1, elevating the levels of H3K14Ac and H3K23Ac, promoting more EIN3 binding to the targets shared with ENAP1 and resulting in a rapid transcriptional regulation.T he plant hormone ethylene is essential for a myriad of physiological and developmental processes. It is important in responses to stress, such as drought, cold, flooding, and pathogen infection (1, 2), and modulates stem cell division (3). The common aquatic ancestor of plants possessed the ethylene signaling pathway and the mechanism has been elucidated by analysis of Arabidopsis (4). Ethylene is perceived by a family of receptors bound to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are similar in sequence and structure to bacterial two-component histidine kinases (5-9). Each ethylene receptor has an N-terminal transmembrane domain, and the receptors form dimers that bind ethylene via a copper cofactor RAN1 (10, 11). Signaling from one of the receptors, ETR1, induces its physical association with the ER-localized protein RTE1 (12). The ethylene receptors function redundantly to negatively regulate ethylene responses (5) via a downstream Raf-like protein kinase called CTR1 (13,14).In the absence of ethylene, both the ethylene receptors and CTR1 are active, and CTR1 is associated with the ER membrane through a direct interaction with ETR1 (13). The CTR1 downstream factor, EIN2, is localized to the ER membrane, where it interacts with ETR1 (15). The protein stability of EIN2 is regulated by two F-box proteins, ETP1 and ETP2, which mediated its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (16). In the absence of ethylene, the CTR1-mediated phosphorylation at the C-terminal end of EIN2 (EIN2-C) leads to ...

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“…5 One of the most detailed reports on ethylene regulated processes shows that ethylene increases quiescent center (QC) cell division in A. thaliana roots. 4 The new stem and QC cells, however, maintain their functional identity. The latter work shows that ethylene signaling must be tightly controlled to ensure correct cell divisions and cellular organization at root meristem.…”

Section: Npa and Short Root Dichotomizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With P. sylvestris short roots embodying open meristem organization it was not possible to perform such a detailed analysis of cell numbers of QC, stem and columella cells as in Arabidopsis roots. 4 During dichotomization process two new roots are formed from the swollen root tip in mycorrhizal (Fig. 1A) or NPA-treated (Fig.…”

Section: Npa and Short Root Dichotomizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Current research with Arabidopsis thaliana and its numerous mutants as models has shown that in addition to auxin, ethylene also plays an important role in the regulation of root morphogenesis. [4][5][6][7] The coniferous Pinus species have a root system consisting of morphologically and anatomically different root types, in which the primary root or the main root has an undetermined capacity for continuous growth, and the lateral roots have a somewhat limited and the short roots a very limited ability, to elongate. The short roots have an important role in nature since they are able to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with several species of mycorrhiza forming fungi mainly belonging to homobasidiomycetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dichotomization of mycorrhizal and NPA-treated short roots inPinus sylvestris

Raudaskoski

Salo

2008

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Conifers like Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) have a complicated root system consisting of morphologically and anatomically different root types, of which the short roots have a very limited ability to elongate. Short roots have an important role in nature since they are able to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, in which the growth of fungal mycelium between the epidermal cells and in the intercellular space between cortical cells leads to formation of dichotomous short roots, which may, through further splitting of the meristem, form coralloid root structures. Dichotomous short roots have been suggested to result from changes in either auxin or ethylene concentrations due to the fungal growth inside the root. NPA, the inhibitor of polar auxin transport, enhances the dichotomization of P. sylvestris short root tips similarly to the fungal growth in the root, thus confirming that auxin plays a role in short root morphogenesis. Ethylene is also known to have an important role in the regulation of root morphogenesis. In future the research dealing with the root system and ectomycorrhiza development in P. sylvestris must take into account that both auxin and ethylene are involved and that there is no contradiction in obtaining the same phenotype with both hormones. The expression analysis of PIN proteins, auxin efflux carriers, could give valuable information about the role of auxin transport in regulating the root growth and morphogenesis of coniferous root system and mycorrhiza.

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Ethylene Modulates Stem Cell Division in the Arabidopsis thaliana Root

Cited by 206 publications

References 18 publications

Interaction between MYC2 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 Modulates Antagonism between Jasmonate and Ethylene Signaling inArabidopsis

Interaction between MYC2 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 Modulates Antagonism between Jasmonate and Ethylene Signaling inArabidopsis

EIN2 mediates direct regulation of histone acetylation in the ethylene response

Dichotomization of mycorrhizal and NPA-treated short roots inPinus sylvestris

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