“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one of the best photocatalysts because it is chemically inert, highly photostable, environmentally-friendly, and of low cost. Thus, TiO 2 is widely used in environmental remediation (Hussain, Bensaid, Geobaldo, Saracco, & Russo, 2011;Keller, Ducamp, Robert, & Keller, 2013;Padmanavan, Pal, Haq, & Licciulli, 2014;Pal, Laera, Licciulli, Catalano, & Taurino, 2014). When activated by UV light, TiO 2 generates hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions on its surface that act as oxidising agents to convert the organic pollutants into CO 2 and water vapour (Akiyama & Togeda, 2000;Maneerat et al, 2003).…”