Ethylene Signal Is Transduced via Protein Phosphorylation Events in Plants.

Raz, Vered; Fluhr, Robert

doi:10.1105/tpc.5.5.523

Cited by 193 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In aerated roots, ethylene increased L p within 15 min (Fig. 2), similar to the phosphorylation effect observed in tobacco leaves (Raz and Fluhr, 1993). The ethyleneinduced increase in L p of aspen was significantly reversed by the application of STS, which strongly and noncompetitively binds ethylene (Beyer, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…There is, however, evidence that ethylene induces a rapid and transient protein phosphorylation in tobacco leaves, and a protein kinase inhibitor, H-7,1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, blocked ethylene-induced pathogenesis-related protein accumulation (Raz and Fluhr, 1993). A rapid change in the pattern of protein phosphorylation was also induced by ethylene in pea epicotyls (Berry et al, 1996) and H-7-sensitive protein kinase(s) was found to be involved in ethylene-induced protein phosphorylation in pea seedlings (Kwak and Lee, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosphorylation of the aquaporins has been suggested to be the likely mechanism controlling water permeation through the cell membranes (Maurel, 1997; Johansson et al, 1998). There is evidence that plasma membrane aquaporin PM28A from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves is a phosphoprotein and that its phosphorylation is carried out by a Ca 2ϩ -dependent membrane-bound protein kinase (Johansson et al, 1996).Ethylene has been shown to induce very rapid and transient protein phosphorylation with the involvement of Ca 2ϩ -dependent specific protein kinases in the induction of pathogenesis related genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves (Raz and Fluhr, 1993), epicotyl shortening in peas (Pisum sativum; Berry et al, 1996), and in the accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase transcript in pea plants (Kwak and Lee, 1997). The ethylene-induced phosphorylation in pea tissues (Berry et al, 1996;Kwak and Lee, 1997) and in mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls (Kim et al, 1997) was inhibited with the application of a protein kinase inhibitor, okadaic acid.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ethylene has been shown to induce very rapid and transient protein phosphorylation with the involvement of Ca 2ϩ -dependent specific protein kinases in the induction of pathogenesis related genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves (Raz and Fluhr, 1993), epicotyl shortening in peas (Pisum sativum; Berry et al, 1996), and in the accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase transcript in pea plants (Kwak and Lee, 1997). The ethylene-induced phosphorylation in pea tissues (Berry et al, 1996;Kwak and Lee, 1997) and in mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls (Kim et al, 1997) was inhibited with the application of a protein kinase inhibitor, okadaic acid.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ethylene Enhances Water Transport in Hypoxic Aspen

Kamaluddin

Zwiazek

2002

Plant Physiology

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Water transport was examined in solution culture grown seedlings of aspen (Populus tremuloides) after short-term exposures of roots to exogenous ethylene. Ethylene significantly increased stomatal conductance, root hydraulic conductivity (L p ), and root oxygen uptake in hypoxic seedlings. Aerated roots that were exposed to ethylene also showed enhanced L p . An ethylene action inhibitor, silver thiosulphate, significantly reversed the enhancement of L p by ethylene. A short-term exposure of excised roots to ethylene significantly enhanced the root water flow (Q v ), measured by pressurizing the roots at 0.3 MPa. The Q v values in ethylene-treated roots declined significantly when 50 m HgCl 2 was added to the root medium and this decline was reversed by the addition of 20 mm 2-mercaptoethanol. The results suggest that the response of Q v to ethylene involves mercury-sensitive water channels and that root-absorbed ethylene enhanced water permeation through roots, resulting in an increase in root water transport and stomatal opening in hypoxic seedlings.Hypoxia, a condition of oxygen deficiency in plant roots, is the main consequence of flooding or waterlogging. Plants respond to hypoxia with reduced root permeability, closure of stomata, hypertrophy of lenticels, epinasty, formation of aerenchyma, and adventitious roots (Vartapetian and Jackson, 1997). Ethylene accumulation is often assumed to be the factor responsible for many of the responses observed in plants exposed to hypoxia (Mattoo and Suttle, 1991; Abeles et al., 1992). Hypoxia induces the formation in roots of the immediate precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, which is transported in the xylem to the shoots and there rapidly oxidized to ethylene (Mattoo and Suttle, 1991). The synthesis of ethylene and the response of plants to ethylene differ among tissues and different plant species (Abeles et al., 1992), and can be affected by different internal and environmental factors (Sharp et al., 2000; Grichko and Glick, 2001).The effects of ethylene on stomatal closure are not clear. Several studies on the effects of exogenous ethylene on stomatal movements demonstrated differential responses between the examined species (Taylor and Gunderson, 1986; Woodrow et al., 1988; Gunderson and Taylor, 1991; Abeles et al., 1992). Exogenous ethylene is known to increase membrane permeability in petal cells (Mayak et al., 1977; Borochov and Woodson, 1989); however, its impact on cell-to-cell water transport has not been thoroughly examined.Water transport across intact higher plant cell membranes occurs predominantly through water channels (aquaporins; Chrispeels et al., 1997). Aquaporins are located in root cell membranes (Chrispeels and Maurel, 1994) at a high density (Johansson et al., 1998). In our previous work (Wan and Zwiazek, 1999, 2001;Kamaluddin and Zwiazek, 2001), we showed that the root water channels in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and Cornus stolonifera rapidly responded to changes in root metabolism. Phosphorylation of the aquapor...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethylene Enhances Water Transport in Hypoxic Aspen

Kamaluddin

Zwiazek

2002

Plant Physiology

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“…The ethyphon-, ACC-and ethylene-induced TTS mRNA-shortening in unpollinated styles (Figures 8, 9), and the inhibition of pollination-induced TTS mRNA-shortening by the ethylene action-blocker STS (Figure 6b and c) indicate that ACC and ethylene are intimately involved in this response. The induction of TTS mRNA-shortening in unpollinated styles by the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (Figure 8) is also consistent with this response being an ethylene-related phenomenon, since protein phosphorylation has been shown to be involved in the transduction of at least a few other ethyleneinduced responses (Raz and Fluhr, 1993).…”

Section: The Role Of Ethylene and Acc In Polfination-induced Transmitsupporting

confidence: 74%

Pollination induces mRNA poly(A) tail‐shortening and cell deterioration in flower transmitting tissue

Wang

Cheung³

1996

The Plant Journal

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SummaryPollination induces many physiological responses in the flower, including deterioration and death in specific pistil cell types. It is shown here that within the style of tobacco, pollination-induced cell deterioration was restricted to the transmitting tissue while the surrounding cortical tissue was not affected. It was distinct from general senescence since exogenously applying the senescence-inducing hormone ethylene, or its precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), to the flower or the pistil induced overall deterioration in the entire flower. Furthermore, both pollen tube growth and ethylene action were needed for the entire spectrum of cellular changes associated with this pollination-induced transmitting tissue deterioration process. It is also shown that pollination-induced mRNA poly(A) tail-shortening for at least three major classes of transmitting tissue-specific mRNAs. As is commonly observed for poly(A) tail-shortened mRNAs, the levels of two of these three mRNA classes decline after pollination. On the other hand, the third class of mRNAs, transmitting tissue-specific ('r'rs) mRNAs, was maintained at a very high level subsequent to pollination, even after substantial poly(A)-tail shortening. TTS mRNAs encode a pollen tube growth-promoting and -attracting protein needed for optimal in vivo pollen tube growth. The specific preservation of TTS mRNAs in the deteriorating transmitting tissue cells suggests that these cells can distinguish molecules needed in the pollinated styles from those that are dispensable, and protect them from degradation. It is suggested that the pollination-induced mRNA poly(A) tail-shortening and cell death are programmed processes suited to the post-pollination transmitting tissue environment. Results showing that ACC is a candidate signal molecule for the pollination-induced mRNA-shortening which is accentuated by ethylene and mediated via a protein phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction pathway are also presented.

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