Ethylene Signaling Facilitates Plant Adaption to Physical Barriers

Abstract

The morphological changes are usually observed in the terrestrial plants to respond to physical barriers. The phytohormone ethylene plays an essential role in the morphological development of plants encountering exogenous mechanical impedance, which enables plants to grow optimally in response to physical barriers. Ethylene is shown to regulate these developmental processes directly or in concert with other phytohormones, especially auxin. In this mini review, the involvement of ethylene action in seedling emergence from the soil, root movement within the soil, and parasitic plant invasion of the host plant are described.

The Dendrobium Orchid: Botany, horticulture, and utilization

“…However, removal of the distal 2 cm of the 3‐cm‐long pedicels dramatically increased ethylene sensitivity of “Miss Teen.” This suggests that the pedicel is important for the ethylene insensitivity of abscission in “Miss Teen.” It was concluded that the abscission zone (AZ) in “Miss Teen” became rapidly insensitive to ethylene at the time of flower opening (Bunya‐atichart et al., 2006). Ethylene is reported to trigger ethylene responses by first binding to the endoplasmic reticulum‐localized receptors, including ethylene response 1 ( ETR1 ), ethylene response sensor 1 ( ERS1 ), ETR2 , ERS2 , and ethylene insensitive 4 ( EIN4 ) to inhibit these receptors from interacting with and activating the negative ethylene signaling regulator constitutive triple response 1 ( CTR1 ) (Binder, 2020; Guo & Ecker, 2004; Liu & Chen, 2021). It would be interesting to determine if sensitivity to ethylene within the pedicel of ‘"Miss Teen"’ changes in accordance with these ethylene receptor genes.…”

Ethylene‐mediated regulation of coleoptile elongation in rice seedlings

“…It has been reported that ethylene inhibits hypocotyl elongation in darkness while promoting its growth in light (Zhong et al, 2012). For Arabidopsis seedling establishment under the soil, ethylene interacts with diverse hormone pathways to suppress and/or promote hypocotyl growth and enables seedlings to penetrate through the soil layers more easily (Liu & Chen, 2021; Zhong et al, 2014).…”

The Oncidium Ethylene Synthesis Gene Oncidium 1-Aminocyclopropane-1 Carboxylic Acid Synthase 12 and Ethylene Receptor Gene Oncidium ETR1 Affect GA–DELLA and Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Regulating Flowering Time, Anther Dehiscence, and Flower Senescence in Arabidopsis

“…Ethylene triggers ethylene responses by first binding to the endoplasmic reticulum-localized receptors ethylene response 1 (ETR1), ethylene response sensor 1 (ERS1), ETR2, ERS2, and ethylene insensitive 4 (EIN4) to inhibit these receptors from interacting with and activating the negative ethylene signaling regulator constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1; Bleecker, 1999;Chang and Shockey, 1999;Alonso and Stepanova, 2004;Merchante et al, 2013;Ju and Chang, 2015;Yang et al, 2015;Azhar et al, 2019;Binder, 2020;Zhao et al, 2020;Liu and Chen, 2021). The inhibition of the interaction for receptors to CTR1 causes the activation of several positive regulators of the ethylene response downstream of CTR1, including EIN2, EIN3, ethylene response DNA-binding factor 1-4 (EDF1-4), and ethylene response factors (ERFs), resulting in downstream ethylene responses.…”

“…The ethylene response DNA-binding factor (EDF) family and ERF are transcription factors involved in ethylene signal transduction (Stepanova and Alonso, 2005;Chen et al, 2021). In the absence of ethylene, these ethylene receptors (ETR1, ERS1, ETR2, ERS2, and EIN4) can activate CTR1 and suppress ethylene signaling (Binder, 2020;Zhao et al, 2020;Liu and Chen, 2021).…”

“…Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling have been characterized and reported in representative dicot/monocot species (Yang et al, 2015;Liu and Chen, 2021;Pattyn et al, 2021), as well as in the charophyte alga Spirogyra pratensis . The possible functional diversity of these genes among different plant species has been reported (Kim et al, 2012;Yang et al, 2015;Liu and Chen, 2021) and remains under investigation. Monocot orchids comprise more than 25,000 species in a large plant family, the Orchidaceae.…”