Etiological factors in the development of PTSD in clinical samples of Vietnam combat veterans

Foy, David W.; Carroll, Edward M.; Donahoe, Clyde P.

doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198701)43:1<17::aid-jclp2270430104>3.0.co;2-q

Cited by 95 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Hocking (16), for example, concluded that "predispositions" have no determinative role in the linkage between extreme stress and later well-being. Consistent with Hocking's position, studies of Vietnam veterans have found that premilitary factors do not predict PTSD summary scores when combat exposure and military adjustment are controlled (17)(18)(19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 70%

Linking combat and physical health: the legacy of World War II in men's lives

Elder

Shanahan²,

Clipp³

1997

AJP

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S ocial change calls forth patterns of adaptation in human lives, patterns that extend the import of historical events across the life course. This observation has special relevance to the human consequences of war. Many decades after war comes to an end, its legacy reverberates through social institutions, successive generations, and individual lives (1). Contemporary studies, which have focused largely on veterans of the Vietnam War, document the enduring, negative effects of exposure to combat, particularly in symptoms of posttraumatic stress (2). Life-course theory places war within the biography of veterans and assumes that the psychosocial effects of war vary according to past experience (3).Keeping these issues in mind, we posed a series of related questions. We used a wide range of information that described military service to examine the specific aspects of World War II that posed implications for later well-being. Because most studies have lacked prewar and wartime measures, they have not been well positioned to examine the consequences of a range of war experiences for well-being after World War II. Is combat an overwhelmingly stressful event, or are its effects contingent on individual histories, time, and place?In thinking about potential relationships between war stress and physical health, we drew upon several explanatory models, including work by Lazarus (4) and Seligman (5) on stress appraisal and the inhibitory model of psychosomatics that was described by Pennebaker and associates (6-8). Especially relevant was the discussion by Nemiah (9) on alexithymia (a difficulty in describing feelings in words) as a possible etiological factor among heavy-combat veterans who were chronically ill or were dead by age 65 (10, 11). Krystal (12) contended that certain individuals who are exposed to severe environmental stress experience a chronically aroused internal state that has no outlet through emotion or fantasy and is moved instead through pathways that involve somatic processes. Each of these models considered the physical health implications of emotional trauma.

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confidence: 70%

Linking combat and physical health: the legacy of World War II in men's lives

Elder

Shanahan²,

Clipp³

1997

AJP

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“…This result supported findings with Vietnam veterans (Foy, Carroll, & Donahue, 1987). There were no demographic differences between the two groups in terms of premigration factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By examining individuals who have had similar traumatic histories, the study was better able to identify some factors associated with the development of PTSD among Southeast Asians. Furthermore, to increase comparability with previous PTSD research (see Foy, Carroll, & Donahue, 1987), all events were assessed with reference to three time frames involving premigration, migration, and postmigration periods. The role of anger reactions was also examined in view of previous findings from the veteran-based PTSD research.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential responses to trauma: Migration-related discriminants of post-traumatic stress disorder among Southeast Asian refugees

Abe

Zane

Chun

1994

J. Community Psychol.

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This study examined possible differentiating experiences between Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and non‐PTSD refugees, after matching them on certain demographic characteristics and exposure to trauma. Previous research on predictors of PTSD usually has not controlled for differences in trauma exposure between the comparison groups. By examining individuals who have had similar traumatic histories, this study more clearly identified some factors implicated in the development of PTSD among Southeast Asians. To increase comparability with previous PTSD research, all events were assessed with reference to three time frames involving premigration, migration, and postmigration periods. The role of anger reactions was also examined in view of previous findings from the veteranbased PTSD research. Finally, this study ascertained the influence of acculturation and cultural identity orientation because these variables often have been implicated in the adjustment of Asian Americans. Results from the present study indicate that respondents with PTSD appeared to experience and express much more anger and were more dependent on public assistance. They were also less engaged in maintaining their cultural traditions and ties. However, more life changes and a trend toward more separations and reunifications with family members were evidenced for those without PTSD. The implications of these findings in developing community intervention strategies for Southeast Asian refugees who have experienced trauma are discussed.

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“…Cite this article as: Phillips, A.C., Carroll, D., Gale, C.R., Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is another psychiatric diagnosis which has received much attention with regard to the stress of war exposure (Foy et al, 1987). Individuals with such a diagnosis have also been shown to exhibit alterations in HPA axis hormones, for example, lower cortisol levels have been observed in several studies of patients with PTSD (Yehuda et al, 1990(Yehuda et al, , 1995Mason et al, 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Major depressive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and their comorbidity: Associations with cortisol in the Vietnam Experience Study

Phillips¹,

Batty²,

Gale³

et al. 2011

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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SummaryObjectives: The aim of these analyses was to examine the association of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), and the cortisol:DHEAS ratio with the diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), and their comorbidity.Design: This was a cross-sectional study.Methods: Participants were 4256 Vietnam era US army veterans. From military service files, telephone interviews, and a medical examination, occupational, socio-demographic, and health data were collected. One-year prevalence of MDD and GAD was determined through a diagnostic interview schedule based on the DSM-IV criteria. Contemporary morning fasted cortisol and DHEAS concentrations were determined. Analyses of covariance were run, first with adjustment for age and then additionally adjusting for a range of candidate confounders.Results: In fully adjusted analyses, there was evidence of lower basal cortisol levels in individuals with MDD and co-morbid MDD and GAD than those with GAD alone or no diagnosis.Conclusion: This suggests that MDD and its comorbidity can also be characterised by low as well as high cortisol levels. A profitable line of future research might be to examine cortisol and DHEAS levels in more representative samples including older participants and women with and without MDD, GAD, and other psychiatric diagnoses.

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Etiological factors in the development of PTSD in clinical samples of Vietnam combat veterans

Cited by 95 publications

References 9 publications

Linking combat and physical health: the legacy of World War II in men's lives

Linking combat and physical health: the legacy of World War II in men's lives

Differential responses to trauma: Migration-related discriminants of post-traumatic stress disorder among Southeast Asian refugees

Major depressive disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and their comorbidity: Associations with cortisol in the Vietnam Experience Study

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