Etiology and Clinical characteristics of bronchiolitis in Suzhou

Abstract

Background Bronchiolitis is a clinical syndrome commonly encountered in practice, particularly among infants and young children. However, the etiology and clinical impact of the condition remains elusive.Methods We investigated the respiratory specimens and clinical data of 1012 children with bronchiolitis who were treated at the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University between November 2011 and December 2018. The nasopharyngeal aspirates were examined by direct immunofluorescence assay or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viruses and by PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP).Results Of the 1012 children with bronchiolitis, 842 (83.2%) were detected at least a pathogen. 614 (60.7%) had single viral infections, 91 (9.0%) had MP infections, 70 (6.9%) had multiple viral infections, and 67 (6.6%) had mixed viral and MP infection. The most common pathogens detected were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (44.4%), MP (15.6%), and human rhinovirus (HRV) (14.4%). RSV was the most common pathogen detected in children less than 6 months. Coinfection was detected in 13.5% (137/1012) of the children, but it was less common in children less than 6 months. The age of children with single virus infection was the youngest. Children with single virus infection had a higher proportion of oxygen therapy compared with single MP infection.Conclusions The most common pathogen detected in children with bronchiolitis is RSV, followed by MP and HRV. Co-infections lead to prolonged illness and worsening of the symptoms

Exploring the Distribution of Gardens in Suzhou City in the Qianlong Period through a Space Syntax Approach

“…It is covered by luxuriant vegetation, which makes it look like half-city, half-countryside" [49]. The Master of the Nets Garden was located "near the bustling marketplace, but people who visit here enjoy the tranquillity too much and forget to leave" [49]. Half of the Master of the Nets Garden neighboured the prosperous city and the other half abutted the countryside, which was consistent with the results of the street axis model analysis.…”

“…However, in the southeast corner, there is a different place against the city wall beside a stream. It is covered by luxuriant vegetation, which makes it look like half-city, half-countryside" [49]. The Master of the Nets Garden was located "near the bustling marketplace, but people who visit here enjoy the tranquillity too much and forget to leave" [49].…”

“…The location of the Canglang Pavilion was different from that of the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Lion Grove or the Master of the Nets Garden. It was two blocks away from Shiquan Street and lied "across a block from the Master of the Nets Garden" [49]. Song Luo of the early Qing Dynasty once wrote, "the place near the Canglang Pavilion is untraversed.…”

“…Jiang "built five houses, behind which small hills were piled using stones. He dug into the ground until clear spring water flowed down and the spring was named Flying Snow" [55]. Such splendid views led the garden to be rated as one of the "famous gardens in Suzhou City" until the end of the Qing Dynasty [56].…”

“…Wenya Lane was connected to the intermediately integrated streets around Chang Gate, near which the Garden of Cultivation was located. Around the garden was "a commercial district that is boisterous all day long" [58]. Although it was a residential area for civilians rather than for officials, it was surrounded by frequent commercial activities (Figure 8).…”