Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Intervention

Abstract

The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the U.S. and even worldwide is becoming a serious health problem and economic burden. MetS has become a crucial risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The rising rates of CVD and diabetes, which are the two leading causes of death, simultaneously exist. To prevent the progression of MetS to diabetes and CVD, we have to understand how MetS occurs and how it progresses. Too many causative factors interact with each other, making the investigation and treatment of metabolic syndrome a very complex issue. Recently, a number of studies were conducted to investigate mechanisms and interventions of MetS, from different aspects. In this review, the proposed and demonstrated mechanisms of MetS pathogenesis are discussed and summarized. More importantly, different interventions are discussed, so that health practitioners can have a better understanding of the most recent research progress and have available references for their daily practice.

Influence of inflammation and adipocyte biochemical markers on the components of metabolic syndrome

“…Lifestyle changes have triggered the obesity epidemic; obesity is the main cause for metabolic syndrome because obesity generates insulin resistance and insulin resistance is associated with all the components of metabolic syndrome (7). Adipocytes are metabolically active cells generating different metabolites called adipokines that act at different levels, some of them increasing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), some of them decreasing, at least theoretically, the risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis such as adiponectin (8).…”

The Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet on Metabolic Syndrome in Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex medical condition consisting of several interconnected parameters including abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglycerides (TG), decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated blood pressure (BP), and increased levels of fasting blood glucose (GLC) [1], and is considered as one of the major predictors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus [1,2]. Due to continuous increase in MetS prevalence during the last few decades [3], it has become one of the leading global public health problems [4].…”

Anthocyanin Extract of Purple Corn Improves Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance of Rats Fed High Fat and Fructose Diet via GLP1 and GLP1R Mechanism

“…Afterwards, hyperinsulinemia is happened because of an excessive insulin response in the second phase insulin-resistant state. Subsequently, insulin resistance become worse and also pancreatic β-cell become dysfunction [42].…”