Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults in a General Practice Setting

Abstract

A prospective study was conducted over a 3-month winter period in three general practice clinics in an urban population in southern Israel to identify the etiological agents of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in adults. RTI was defined as an acute febrile illness with cough, coryza, sore throat or hoarseness. Serum samples were taken from all patients in both the acute and convalescent phases of their illness. Tests were conducted for detection of 17 microorganisms known to cause RTI, including serological tests for 16 known pathogens. An etiological diagnosis was established in 80 (66%) of the 122 patients who participated in the study. The distribution of the etiological agents was as follows: influenza B virus in 27 (22%) patients. Chlamydia pneumoniae in 22 (18%), Legionella spp. in 15 (12%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 13 (11%), influenza A virus in 11 (9%), Bordetella pertussis in 9 (7%), adenovirus in 4, Epstein Barr virus in 4, Haemophilus influenzae in 3, beta-hemolytic streptococci in 3, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2, respiratory syncytial virus in 2, parainfluenza 1 virus in 2 and parainfluenza 2 virus in 1. No patients were found to be infected with Coxiella burnetii, Moraxella catarrhalis or parainfluenza 3 virus. More than one pathogen was identified in 27 (34%) patients in whom an etiological diagnosis was established. It is concluded that RTI is caused by a broad spectrum of etiological agents, a considerable number of patients having evidence of infection with more than one pathogen. The therapeutic significance of these findings should be elucidated in further studies.

Serological evidence ofLegionellaspecies infection in acute exacerbation of COPD

“…In most of these cases only one additional pathogen was found, but in seven LspH 2-4 other pathogens were identified. This situation of "mixed causes" in infective respiratory tract diseases is well known and has been reported in a large number of studies on the infective aetiology of CAP [1], as well as in a study that investigated the causes of respiratory tract infections in adults in a general practice setting [7]. Although mixed causes have been described for all possible combinations of respiratory tract pathogens, the frequency of a combined aetiology is particularly high when one of the causes is an atypical pathogen [1].…”

Latent infection membrane protein transmembrane FWLY is critical for intermolecular interaction, raft localization, and signaling

“…S12 mouse monoclonal antibody against LMP1 was purified from hybridoma (43) supernatant. Antibodies to TRAF3 (H-122), TRAF1 (H-3), CD40 (C-20), Lyn (H-6), hemagglutinin (HA) (F-7), and GST (B- 14) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, and FLAG (M2) antibody was from Sigma. into pTER10, which has the murine elongation factor 1␣ promoter for FLMP1 expression and a neomycin-resistant gene under the control of the MC1 promoter (Stratagene).…”

“…Aggregation is critical for LMP1 C-terminal cytoplasmic domain signaling (4,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). N-terminally truncated LMP1 composed of TM5-6, and the cytoplasmic C terminus is expressed in lytic EBV infection, localizes diffusely in cytoplasmic membranes, and barely signals, whereas LMP1 deleted for TM3-4 is also diffuse in cytoplasmic membranes and only partially signals (14). LMP1 is palmitoylated, and mutation of C 78 to A blocks palmitoylation without affecting Raft association or signaling (7).…”

12 Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation

“…2,3,4,5 International gibt es auffällig wenige Studien zu bakteriellen Erregern und deren Resistenzen, die aus einem allgemeinärztlichen Setting stammen. Dies mag teilweise damit erklärt werden, dass das Krankheitsbild im klinisch-stationären Bereich praktisch keine Relevanz hat und nur im Grenzbereich zur "community aquired pneumonia" -so z.B.…”