Etodolic acid and related compounds. Chemistry and antiinflammatory actions of some potent di- and trisubstituted 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acids

Demerson, Christopher A.; Humber, Leslie G.; Philipp, A. H.; Martel, R. R.

doi:10.1021/jm00225a010

Cited by 97 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The analgesic drug pemedolac [122][123][124] , analogues of etodolac 125,126 and the synthesis of the alkaloids hobartine and aristoteline 127 were initiated by the C-3 alkylation of isatins to yield dioxindoles that were then reduced to the corresponding indoles by the use of lithium aluminum hydride (Schemes 36 and 37). In a similar manner, 1-acylisatins can be reduced to 1-alkylindoles by BH 3 .THF in high yields 99 (Scheme 38).…”

Section: Scheme 35mentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemistry of isatins: a review from 1975 to 1999

Silva¹,

Garden²,

Pinto³

2001

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

860

447

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Isatinas (1H-indol-2,3-diona) são compostos de grande versatilidade sintética, podendo ser utilizados na obtenção de diversos sistemas heterociclos, como derivados indólicos e quinolínicos, o que as tornam importantes matérias-primas na síntese de fármacos. Isatinas também têm sido detectadas em tecidos de mamíferos, o que tem despertado o interesse em seu estudo como moduladores em diversos processos bioquímicos. Os avanços na aplicação de isatinas em síntese orgânica, bem como na compreensão de seus efeitos biológicos e farmacológicos nos últimos vinte e cinco anos encontram-se relatados nesta revisão e seus respectivos materiais suplementares.Isatins (1H-indole-2,3-dione) are synthetically versatile substrates, where they can be used for the synthesis of a large variety of heterocyclic compounds, such as indoles and quinolines, and as raw material for drug synthesis. Isatins have also been found in mammalian tissue and their function as a modulator of biochemical processes has been the subject of several discussions. The advances in the use of isatins for organic synthesis during the last twenty-five years, as well as a survey of its biological and pharmacological properties are reported in this review and in the accompanying supplementary information.

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Section: Scheme 35mentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemistry of isatins: a review from 1975 to 1999

Silva¹,

Garden²,

Pinto³

2001

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

860

447

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“…Etodolac ( fig. 1) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the pyranocarboxylic acid class (Humber 1992) developed in the 1970s (Demerson et al 1976). Early studies indicated that etodolac was an effective NSAID, with a favourable ratio of anti-inflammatory activity to adverse effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Etodolac Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Brocks

Jamali

1994

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

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Etodolac is a chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is marked as the racemate. Currently, the drug is available in several countries for the treatment of arthritis and the alleviation of pain. Etodolac possesses several unique disposition features mainly due to its stereoselective pharmacokinetics. In plasma, the concentrations of the 'inactive' R-enantiomer are about 10-fold higher than those of the active S-enantiomer, an observation that is novel among the chiral NSAIDs. In common with other NSAIDs, the drug is highly plasma protein bound, and undergoes virtually complete biotransformation to oxidised metabolites and acyl-glucuronides. Etodolac is well absorbed, with maximal plasma concentrations attained within 1 to 2 hours in healthy volunteers. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of racemic etodolac increases linearly with doses used clinically. The elimination half-life of etodolac is between 6 and 8 hours in plasma, and is similar for both enantiomers. The volume of distribution (Vd) of racemic etodolac is higher than that of most other NSAIDs mainly because of the extensive distribution of the S-enantiomer. The very large Vd of the S-enantiomer, compared with its antipode is, at least in part, due to its less extensive plasma protein binding. In addition to the unchanged drug, substantial concentrations of the acyl-glucuronides of etodolac are found in both plasma and the synovial fluid of patients with arthritis. A limited amount of conjugated etodolac is found in the bile of patients following cholecystectomy. Hepatic cirrhosis has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of racemic etodolac, although the effect of hepatic dysfunction on the pharmacokinetics of the individual enantiomers has yet to be determined. In elderly non-arthritic individuals with excellent kidney function, aging does not affect the pharmacokinetics of etodolac. The pharmacokinetics of the drug in patients with renal failure have not been published, and may be important because the acyl-glucuronides are renally cleared.

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“…The required isatins were prepared from anilines 4 and £ by cyclization of intermediate isonitrosoacetanilides (10,11). The remaining two were synthesized by oxidation of the appropriate substituted isatin derivatives (Scheme 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%