EU border security and migration into the European Union: FRONTEX and securitisation through practices

Who speaks for the European border security industry? A network analysis

“…Based on the organisations employing such terms, the language of interoperability and integration and management is primarily one of state actors, EU agencies (especially Frontex, tasked with operational coordination), and international organisations (such as NATO) seeking greater cooperation and coordination among themselves to enhance control of European external borders and "manage" migration using (para)militarised means. Further evidence demonstrates that Frontex activity contributes to the securitisation of migration through its practices (Léonard 2010), with the current discursive findings in support of earlier findings. Similarly, the language of surveillance coincides with the establishment of the European Border Surveillance System in 2013.…”

Constructing Fortress Europe: Third Country Nationals As Unwelcome Guests

“…Not only does the literature on the securitization of immigration often points fingers at the EU's restrictive asylum regulation, but it also often points fingers at the JHA's border control agencies, specifically Frontières extérieures, or FRONTEX, as it is often called (Chillaud, 2012;Léonard, 2009Léonard, , 2010Papastavridis, 2010). Created in 2005, FRONTEX is a Warsaw-based independent EU agency that works on the coordination of operational cooperation between EU member states to strengthen, as well as manage, the EU's external border and was thought to be a response to 9/11 (Boswell, 2007;Neal, 2009).…”

Linking climate-induced migration and security within the EU: insights from the securitization debate

“…The approach of FRONTEX is based on the creation of a network of institutions, the collection of information and the promotion of joint operations, which often involve military and police. It creates a network of experts and security professionals (Léonard 2010). The second tendency is evident in the growing deployment of surveillance and screening measures and in the collaboration with police and military, which is the other face of the elimination of internal borders.…”