“…The EU provides an especially intriguing laboratory to study bilateral relations in that it ‘both embraces bilateralism as part of its densely-textured pattern of multilateral interactions whilst at the same time providing both a new context for and alternatives to traditional bilateral diplomacy’ (Keukeleire, 2003; for bilateral diplomacy specifically within the EU context see, for instance, Bátora and Hocking, 2002; Hill and Wallace, 1996; Hocking et al, 2012; Smith and Tsatsas, 2002). Yet the fact that relations between individual EU member states ‘remain an underexplored yet crucial area’ represents ‘a major shortcoming of EU studies, resulting from a bias towards the EU-level of European politics’ (Sattich and Inderberg, 2018: 1).…”