“…Henten (2013) describes the evolution of the initial framework from 1987 through different 'telecom packages' of EU directives and argues for future changes to take into account the rapidly advancing technological developments. Cawley (2013), more specifically, investigates how this regulatory mode has helped to develop both mobile and broadband communications and shows that liberalisation has been more effective in the mobile sector. Clifton, Comín, and Díaz-Fuentes (2011), among others, demonstrate how liberalisation, along with privatisation and the introduction of competition into markets, has enabled some of the former state owned incumbent operators to expand their spatial reach and emerge as multinational companies.…”