European Academy for Childhood Disability (EACD): Recommendations on the definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (long version)*

Blank, Rainer; Smits-Engelsman, B.C.M.; Polatajko, Helene J.; Wilson, Peter H.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04171.x

Cited by 514 publications

(614 citation statements)

References 239 publications

(559 reference statements)

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“…While this was not a significant predictor in the regression, this suggests the need for increased awareness and education among frontline professionals about signs of DCD and its impact on children's lives. Thus, our study is consistent with recommendations in the EACD guidelines (Blank et al, 2012), and is also in agreement with results from previous parent studies (Forsyth, Howden, Maciver, Owen, Shepherd, & Rush, 2007, Maciver et al, 2011Novak et al, 2012;Rodger & Mandich, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Over a third of the parents sought private help at some stage, reportedly due to the lack of referral structure encountered within the UK's National Health Service and the long waiting times between referrals. Recent guidelines (Blank et al, 2012) emphasize the need to clarify responsibilities and enhance cooperation among professionals. Implementing clearer defined referral routes to better structure the diagnostic process may enable an effective collaboration between professionals and could reduce the delays in reaching a resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because motor development in young children is rather variable; children with early motor delay may catch-up with their peers later in development, or children without motor delays may exhibit motor problems when confronted with more demanding motor tasks later in development (e.g., at school) (Hadders-Algra, 2010). Further, current instruments for assessment do not enable a valid and reliable diagnosis in younger children (Blank et al, 2012). In those cases where the child shows a significant motor impairment, the diagnosis of DCD may be made earlier (between the age of 3 and 5) but it should be based on at least two different assessments performed at long intervals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2012, a Swiss-German guideline was published by the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD). This focused on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, and intervention appropriate for children with DCD (Blank, Smits-Engelsman, Polatajko, & Wilson, 2012). Expectations were: (1) Greater awareness and recognition of the condition; (2) Improved access to services; (3) Establishment of clear diagnostic criteria and examinations; (4) Better information about available therapies; and (5) Data concerning the effectiveness of therapy in relation to improvement of motor difficulties, execution of daily activities and/or participation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surveying parental experiences of receiving a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

Soriano

Hill

Crane

2015

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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Receiving a diagnosis of a developmental disorder has a major impact on an individual and their family. However, little is known about parental experiences of having a child diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). In this study, 228 parents completed an online survey about their experiences of obtaining a diagnosis of DCD for their child in the United Kingdom. Results demonstrated that, on average, a diagnosis was confirmed two and a half years after parents initially sought professional help in relation to their child's motor difficulties. Satisfaction with the overall diagnostic process was mixed: 45% of parents were dissatisfied (26% = very dissatisfied, 19% =quite dissatisfied) and 39% were satisfied (16% =very satisfied, 23% = quite satisfied). Four factors were predictive of parental satisfaction with the overall diagnostic process: the stress of the diagnostic process; the manner of the diagnosing professional; satisfaction with post-diagnostic support; and the time taken to get a diagnosis. Postdiagnostic provision was the area in which parents reported most dissatisfaction; an unsurprising finding given that 43% of parents were not offered any practical help or support during the diagnostic process or in follow up appointments (although there was an indication that this was improving). Based on these findings (as well as previous research), we propose three key areas in which improvements in the diagnostic process for DCD are needed: (1) Greater awareness about DCD in order to facilitate earlier recognition; (2) Implementation of clear referral pathways, to reduce the time taken to receive a diagnosis; and (3) Increased post-diagnostic support within health and educational systems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surveying parental experiences of receiving a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

Soriano

Hill

Crane

2015

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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“…Even though motor overflow is considered a normal developmental phenomenon in children (Largo et al 2003), abundance or persistence is likely to substantially interfere with the aesthetics of motor performance (Kuhtz-Buschbeck et al 2000) and potentially delay motor development. Neurological soft signs were recently suggested to not be indicative for the diagnosis of DCD (Blank et al 2012), but evidence from our previous research suggests otherwise (Licari et al 2006;Licari and Larkin 2008), highlighting the need for further work to examine such signs in this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Cortical functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder: a motor overflow study

et al. 2015

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This study examined brain activation in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) to reveal areas that may contribute to poor movement execution and/or abundant motor overflow. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 13 boys with DCD (mean age = 9.6yrs ± 0.8) and 13 typically developing controls (mean age = 9.3yrs ± 0.6) were scanned performing two tasks (finger sequencing and hand clenching) with their dominant hand, while a four-finger motion sensor recorded contralateral motor overflow on their nondominant hand. Despite displaying increased motor overflow on both functional tasks during scanning, there were no obvious activation deficits in the DCD group to explain the abundant motor overflow seen. However, children with DCD were found to display decreased activation in the left superior frontal gyrus on the finger 2 sequencing task, an area which plays an integral role in executive and spatially oriented processing. Decreased activation was also seen in the left inferior frontal gyrus, an area typically active during the observation and imitation of hand movements. Finally, increased activation in the right postcentral gyrus was seen in children with DCD, which may reflect increased reliance on somatosensory information during the execution of complex fine motor tasks.

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Developmental Coordination Disorder and Its Association With Developmental Comorbidities at 6.5 Years in Apparently Healthy Children Born Extremely Preterm

et al. 2018

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IMPORTANCE There are concerns that apparently healthy extremely preterm children face a risk of developing motor impairments, such as developmental coordination disorder. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder and associated comorbidities in a national cohort of apparently healthy children born at 22 to 26 gestational weeks, compared alongside term-born peers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective, population-based cohort study included all children who were consecutively born at 22 to 26 gestational weeks in Sweden from April 1, 2004, through March 31, 2007. At 6.5 years, 441 preterm children were evaluated alongside 371 controls. A total of 275 preterm children (62.4%) and 359 term-born children (96.8%) did not have neurodevelopmental disabilities. Motor assessments were completed for 229 of 275 preterm children (83.3%) and 344 of 359 (95.8%) term-born children, who composed the final study sample. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Developmental coordination disorder was defined as a score of the fifth percentile or lower on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition scale, using control group scores. Assessment tools included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales, the Five to Fifteen questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 229 extremely preterm children and 344 term-born controls who underwent motor assessments, 115 (50.2%) and 194 (56.4%) were boys, respectively. Developmental coordination disorder was present in 85 of 229 (37.1%) preterm children and in 19 of 344 controls (5.5%) (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 7.92; 99% CI, 3.69-17.20). When preterm children with developmental coordination disorder were compared with term-born peers, the risk was increased for total behavioral problems, internalizing, externalizing, attentional problems, hyperactivity, perceptual problems, executive dysfunction, and poor social skills, with adjusted ORs varying from 2.66 (99% CI, 1.09-6.48) for time concepts to 9.06 (99% CI, 3.60-22.8) for attentional problems (all P < .01). When preterm children with and without developmental coordination disorder were compared, preterm children with developmental coordination disorder had more behavioral problems; the adjusted OR for total behavioral problems was 2.71 (99% CI, 1.15-6.37); for externalizing problems, 2.80 (99% CI, 1.10-7.12); for inattention, 3.38 (99% CI, 1.39-8.18); and for combined attention/hyperactivity problems, 3.68 (99% CI, 1.47-9.16) (all P < .01). Parents underestimated the children's motor problems and only a few of the children had received psychological care or physiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Children who were born extremely preterm faced a high risk for developmental coordination disorder with associated comorbidities. Our findings support the importance of a structured follow-up of motor function, behavior, and cognition.

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European Academy for Childhood Disability (EACD): Recommendations on the definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (long version)*

Cited by 514 publications

References 239 publications

Surveying parental experiences of receiving a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

Surveying parental experiences of receiving a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

Cortical functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder: a motor overflow study

Developmental Coordination Disorder and Its Association With Developmental Comorbidities at 6.5 Years in Apparently Healthy Children Born Extremely Preterm

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