European corn borer injury effects on lignin, carbon and nitrogen in corn tissues

Yanni, Sandra F.; Whalen, Joann K.; Ma, Bao–Luo; Gélinas, Yves

doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0632-7

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, high stem concentrations of xylose and diferulates have been negatively correlated to ECB tunnel length [48]. In response to ECB damage, lignin content increases in maize stems, as do levels of the benzoxazinoid HDMBOA-glc and kauralexins [5,49]. HDMBOA can negatively impact the growth and development of insects including the rose-grain aphid ( Metopolophiumdirhodum ) and D .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larvae supplied with LCT displayed higher efficiencies for conversion of absorbed food (ECD) and ingested food (ECI) indicating that the insects are obtaining more essential nutrients than those provided with control and wounded tissues [56]. ECI values increase in relation to the nitrogen content of the plant tissue and total nitrogen content increases in maize stem tissue subjected to ECB-herbivory [49,57]. Curiously, two Enod93 genes were specifically up-regulated in LCT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) Induced Responses Enhance Susceptibility in Maize

et al. 2013

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Herbivore-induced plant responses have been widely described following attack on leaves; however, less attention has been paid to analogous local processes that occur in stems. Early studies of maize (Zea mays) responses to stem boring by European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis ) larvae revealed the presence of inducible acidic diterpenoid phytoalexins, termed kauralexins, and increases in the benzoxazinoid 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-glucose (HDMBOA-Glc) after 24 h of herbivory. Despite these rapidly activated defenses, larval growth was not altered in short-term feeding assays. Unexpectedly, ECB growth significantly improved in assays using stem tissue preconditioned by 48 h of larval tunneling. Correspondingly, measures of total soluble protein increased over 2.6-fold in these challenged tissues and were accompanied by elevated levels of sucrose and free linoleic acid. While microarray analyses revealed up-regulation of over 1100 transcripts, fewer individual protein increases were demonstrable. Consistent with induced endoreduplication, both wounding and ECB stem attack resulted in similar significant expansion of the nucleus, nucleolus and levels of extractable DNA from challenged tissues. While many of these responses are triggered by wounding alone, biochemical changes further enhanced in response to ECB may be due to larval secreted effectors. Unlike other Lepidoptera examined, ECB excrete exceedingly high levels of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in their frass which is likely to contact and contaminate the surrounding feeding tunnel. Stem exposure to a metabolically stable auxin, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), promoted significant protein accumulation above wounding alone. As a future testable hypothesis, we propose that ECB-associated IAA may function as a candidate herbivore effector promoting the increased nutritional content of maize stems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) Induced Responses Enhance Susceptibility in Maize

et al. 2013

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“…In view of the fact that lignification poses difficulty for small insects to chew (Freeman & Beattie, ), we speculated that lignin biosynthesis following insect oviposition could possibly play a role in halting further ingress of the insect into host tissue. Lignin is formed in plants, as the end product of the action of enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) (Hahlbrock & Scheel, ; Douglas, ) which serves to reinforce the cell wall following insect injury (Baron & Zambryski, ; Yanni et al , ). In addition, plants respond to insect feeding by increasing the synthesis of toxic phenolic compounds which play a key role in deterrence and also as a feeding barrier (Castellanos & Espinosa‐García, ; Harborne, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of phenolic acids and enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in resistance of chayote fruit (Sechium edule) against infestation by melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae

Shivashankar

Sumathi

Krishnakumar

et al. 2015

Annals of Applied Biology

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Melon fly is a serious pest of cucurbits all over the world causing huge losses to yield. However, the only exception is the chayote fruit (Sechium edule) that shows resistance to melon fly infestation. Studies on culture of melon fly indicated the absence of plant traits resisting oviposition on chayote fruit. However, the melon fly was unable to complete its life cycle successfully on chayote showing that factors inhibiting larval development in melon fly could be attributed to biochemical constituents. Studies were, therefore, carried out to compare the biochemical responses of chayote, a melon fly resistant species and bitter gourd, a susceptible species to melon fly infestation with regard to the levels of phenolic acids and activities of the enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) leading to synthesis of lignin. The resistant chayote exhibited significantly higher accumulation of lignin associated with higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). On the contrary, the susceptible bitter gourd recorded lower activities of PAL, CAD and POD and a decreasing trend of TAL during infestation associated with a lower lignin content. The monomer composition of lignin in the resistant chayote showed twofold higher level of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units compared to susceptible bitter gourd and the G/S ratio during infestation increased in chayote while decreasing in bitter gourd. The levels of PPP intermediates, p-coumaric acid was higher in chayote while p-hydroxy benzoic acid, a chemo-attractant, was higher in bitter gourd. Incorporation of p-coumaric acid in the larval diet strongly inhibited larval growth even as p-hydroxy benzoic acid promoted growth confirming the direct role of p-coumaric acid in conferring resistance to chayote. The level of salicylic acid, a signal molecule involved in induction of defence response, was higher in chayote compared to bitter gourd. Chayote also exhibited higher level of activity of POD in the phloem exudates compared to bitter gourd. The higher concentration of sugars in exudates of chayote might act like signalling molecules causing activation of plant genes, especially of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and possibly produce an osmotic effect inducing resistance against the melon fly. Thus, the study revealed that the resistance in chayote to melon fly infestation is a complex, multi-layered process in which the activities of PPP enzymes generating phenolic intermediates leading to lignin biosynthesis and the composition of exudates appear to play significant roles. Besides, the study also indicated that different forms of lignin might play a role in the resistance of chayote against melon fly infestation.

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“…We relied upon short-term, controlled laboratory studies to evaluate the impact of plants on CO 2 and N 2 O emissions during their lifespan and during the initial stages of residue decomposition in soil [51 to 63 d laboratory incubations (Gul et al 2012a, b;Poirier et al 2013)]. Longer laboratory incubations (252 d) and infield decomposition trials (1 yr in duration) were also used to evaluate residue decomposition in response to the initial lignin concentration in plant residue and an exogenous lignin source [laboratory study (Yanni et al 2011b;] and response to herbivory on plant stems [field study (Yanni et al 2011c)].…”

Section: Analytical Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lignin concentration and lignin chemistry have an impact on the biochemical reactions that are necessary to unravel the three-dimensional structure and cleave monomers from complex lignin and ligno-cellulosic macromolecules (Yanni et al 2011b). The size, physical integrity and exposure of residues to ultra-violet (UV) radiation also affects their decomposition (Feng et al 2011;Yanni et al 2011c). Finally, physical interaction of residues with soil minerals or sorption to organo-minerals is expected to limit microbial colonization and therefore Fig.…”

Section: General Findings and Relationship Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration

et al. 2014

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Whalen, J. K., Gul, S., Poirier, V., Yanni, S. F., Simpson, M. J., Clemente, J. S., Feng, X., Grayston, S. J., Barker, J., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P. and Janzen, H. H. 2014. Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1065–1073. Plants figure prominently in efforts to promote C sequestration in agricultural soils, and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of the project was to measure the transformations of plant carbon in soil through controlled laboratory experiments, to further understand (1) root-associated CO2 and N2O production during a plant's life cycle, (2) decomposition of plant residues leading to CO2 production, and (3) stabilization and retention of undecomposed plant residues and microbial by-products in the resistant soil C fraction. Experimental plant materials included transgenic near isolines of Zea mays L. and cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, selected for their diverse residue chemistry. Phenology, morphology and above-ground biomass affected soil respiration and N2O production in root-associated soils. Mineralization of C and N from incubated plant–soil mixtures was complemented with stable isotope tracing (13C, 15N) and 13C-phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Advanced chemical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and physical separation (particle size and density separation) were used to track the transformations of plant C into stable soil C compounds. Conceptual models were proposed to explain how the plant residue chemistry×soil physico-chemical interaction affects C sequestration. Incorporating single gene mutations affecting lignin biosynthesis into agricultural and bioenergy crops has the potential to alter short- and long-term C cycling in agroecosystems.

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European corn borer injury effects on lignin, carbon and nitrogen in corn tissues

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) Induced Responses Enhance Susceptibility in Maize

European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) Induced Responses Enhance Susceptibility in Maize

Role of phenolic acids and enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in resistance of chayote fruit (Sechium edule) against infestation by melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae

Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration

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