European course on HPV associated pathology: guidelines for primary care physicians for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts

Krogh, Geo von; Lacey, Charles; Gross, Gerd; Barrasso, R; Schneider, Achim

doi:10.1136/sti.76.3.162

Cited by 199 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For instance, HPV 6 or 11 cause 90% of genital warts and HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 are occasionally found as co-infections with these diseases (41). In our study, HPV types 6, and HPV co-infection of 50/6 were presented highly in genital warts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

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The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Types in the General Female Population in West of Iran

Jalilian

Izadi

Madani

et al. 2017

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) plays a necessary etiological role in cervical cancer, it is logical to use HPV as a marker for the early detection of cervical cancer and precancerous. Prevalence of HPV infection and HPV genotypes vary among different regions. Objectives:The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of HPV and its genotype distribution in cervical specimens of the patients who had attended to the pathology laboratories of Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: Cervical swaps, genital, and skin biopsy were obtained from each participant. DNA of HPV specimens were extracted using a genomics extraction kit. PCR amplification and genotyping were employed to investigate the presence of High-risk (HR) and Low-risk (LR) genotypes and also the types of HPV. Results: Human Papillomavirus was found in 62.1% of the samples obtained from the patients. Among the HR and LR types, HPV-6 was the major genotype 64.8%. Type 16 and 18 were the most frequent HR-HPV types (presented in 26% of the patient), followed by type 50s (24.7%), 45, 30s, and 11 (1.8% from each). Multiple HPV infections were presented in 40.7% of the positive genotyping specimens. Conclusions:In comparison with previous surveys done in other parts of Iran, we noticed higher frequency of HPV among the collected isolates and also the higher prevalence of HPV types 6, 16, 18, and 50s in this region of Iran. It seems that HPV vaccination as well as an organized prevention program can be safe and efficient to reduce HPV types.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…In our study, HPV types 6, and HPV co-infection of 50/6 were presented highly in genital warts. This outcome is important since it can be associated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Types in the General Female Population in West of Iran

Jalilian

Izadi

Madani

et al. 2017

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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“…The number needed to vaccinate to prevent an epi-sode of genital warts is low because 1 in 10 women are estimated to get genital warts in their lifetime, 14 many individuals have more than one episode of genital warts, 14 and about 90% of cases are associated with HPV types 6 and 11, which are the HPV types of low oncogenic risk included in the vaccine currently licensed for use in Canada. 5,6 The number needed to vaccinate to prevent a life-year lost is also low because death from cervical cancer can occur in young women, and therefore preventing a death provides important gains in life-years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 About 70% of all cases of cervical cancer can be attributed to HPV types 16 and 18, 2-4 which are of high oncogenic risk, and about 90% of all cases of genital warts are associated with HPV types 6 and 11, 5,6 which are of low oncogenic risk.…”

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confidence: 99%

Estimating the number needed to vaccinate to prevent diseases and death related to human papillomavirus infection

Brisson¹,

Velde²,

Wals³

et al. 2007

Canadian Medical Association Journal

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4 46 64 4 O ver 40 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are known to infect the anogenital tract.1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified these types as being of either high oncogenic risk or low oncogenic risk according to their association with cervical cancer.2 About 70% of all cases of cervical cancer can be attributed to HPV types 16 and 18, 2-4 which are of high oncogenic risk, and about 90% of all cases of genital warts are associated with HPV types 6 and 11, 5,6 which are of low oncogenic risk.Two HPV prophylactic vaccines are currently in clinical trials: one targets HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18, and the other targets types 16 and 18. Recent large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials have shown that the one targeting types 6, 11, 16 and 18 significantly reduced the incidence of type-specific anogenital and cervical lesions among women not previously infected with these virus strains.7,8 Given its efficacy and safety, this vaccine is now licensed for use in Canada and many other countries. 9,10"Number needed to treat" has been used to describe the population outcome of chronic disease treatments. By analogy, "number needed to vaccinate" has been used for vaccine preventable diseases.11 The number needed to vaccinate can be a helpful measure to illustrate the potential benefit of HPV vaccination, since it combines both the effect of vaccine efficacy and the age-specific background incidence of disease.Because many of the benefits of prophylactic HPV vaccines will occur in the medium to long term, mathematical models are needed to project the impact of vaccination beyond the time horizon of clinical trials. The development of models are based on assumptions, which inevitably cause a level of uncertainty. In the case of HPV vaccination, it is particularly important to quantify the uncertainty surrounding model predictions, because the natural history of HPV is complex (it encompasses numerous stages of disease that depend on HPV type, screening and treatment) and the scientific literature on age-and type-specific natural history and transmission is limited.12 Furthermore, important questions remain regarding HPV prophylactic vaccines, such as the duration of vaccine protection and the overall efficacy of the vaccines against cervical cancer (since surrogate outcomes were used for cervical cancer in clinical trials). 13 We sought to estimate the number needed to vaccinate to prevent HPV-related diseases and death and to quantify uncertainty around model predictions.

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“…These are imidazoquinoline compounds, imiquimod and its derivative, resiquimod (R-848), and have potent antiviral and antitumor properties in animals [31][32][33][34]. In fact, imiquimod has been clinically approved for the treatment of genital warts caused by human papillomavirus [35]. It has been demonstrated in experiments using gene-deficient mice that these antiviral compounds activate immune cells, including macrophages, bone marrow-derived DCs, and splenocytes, via the TLR7-MyD88-dependent signaling pathway.…”

Section: Tlr7 a New Member Of Tlrs Involvement In Ipc Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of toll-like receptors in natural interferon-producing cells as sensors in immune surveillance

2002

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Natural IFN-␣/␤ producing cells (IPCs) play a central role in innate immunity against microbial infections. In primary immune responses, toll-like receptors (TLRs), as major pattern-recognition receptors, are essential for IPCs as well as other antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets to recognize microbes. IPCs unequivocally express TLR7 and TLR9, and can respond to the respective ligand to produce IFN-␣/␤ and to rapidly differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs). Thereby, IPCs can not only activate innate immune system but also provoke T cell responses. Thus, IPCs link innate and adaptive immunity through TLR system. In addition, recent work has revealed the regulatory system of DC subsets in response to microbial invasion. In this context, by the different but complementary expression profile of TLRs, IPCs together with myeloid APC subsets constitute a rational system of immune surveillance that can cover a wide variety of pathogens and enlarge immune adjuvant effects.

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European course on HPV associated pathology: guidelines for primary care physicians for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts

Cited by 199 publications

References 42 publications

The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Types in the General Female Population in West of Iran

The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Types in the General Female Population in West of Iran

Estimating the number needed to vaccinate to prevent diseases and death related to human papillomavirus infection

Roles of toll-like receptors in natural interferon-producing cells as sensors in immune surveillance

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