European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)

Abstract

Level of evidence A Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses Level of evidence B Data derived from a single randomized clinical trial or large non-randomized studies Level of evidence C Consensus of opinion of the experts and/ or small studies, retrospective studies, registries

Association Between Elevated Pulse Pressure and High Resting Coronary Blood Flow Velocity in Patients With Angiographically Normal Epicardial Coronary Arteries

“…Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was defined according to the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association 30. Hypercholesterolemia was defined according to the European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice 31. Cigarette smoking habit was established according to self‐report.…”

Guidelines on myocardial revascularization

“…Adherence to lifestyle and risk factor modification requires individualized behavioural education and can be implemented during exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. Education should be interactive with full participation of patient care-givers, providing an explanation for each intervention while early mobilization and physical conditioning programme should vary according to individual clinical status (Table 38) [261,263]. Adherence to the prescribed recommendations and the achievement of the planned goals should be evaluated during regular clinical evaluation (at 6-month intervals).…”

“…Special attention should be given to puncture site healing, haemodynamics, and possible anaemia or CIN. For ACS patients, plasma lipids should be re-evaluated 4 6 weeks after an acute event and/or initiation of lipid-lowering therapy to evaluate whether target levels have been achieved and to screen for liver dysfunction; the second plasma lipid control should be scheduled at 3 months [263]. For patients with stable CAD, there is a need to evaluate muscle symptoms and enzymes initially after statin introduction, then to evaluate muscle symptoms .…”

Macrophages of genetically characterized familial hypercholesterolaemia patients show up‐regulation of LDL‐receptor‐related proteins

“…SAFEHEART is an open, multicentre, long‐term prospective cohort study including patients with clinical and genetic diagnosis of heterozygous FH 39, 40 and relatives with negative genetic testing for FH, without or with secondary hypercholesterolaemia. Baseline characteristics of the cohort population have been previously described 38.…”

“…Briefly, FH groups consisted in patients with or without lipid‐lowering treatment (FH‐LLT + , N = 20; FH‐LLT − group, N = 20), but with very high LDL‐c levels in plasma (>180 mg/dl). The FH‐LLT + group included FH cases randomly chosen among those with a stable lipid‐lowering treatment (LLT + ) of at least 1 year before inclusion, according to clinical guidelines 40, 42. FH‐LLT − referred to FH patients who did not receive any lipid‐lowering treatment over the same time period, but matched for LDL‐c levels similar to those from the FH‐ LLT + group.…”