“…One body of literature that has come close to viewing European integration through a state-building perspective is that which has applied the theoretical lens of federalism to the EU, but these scholars tend to steer away from the concept of state-building (Fabbrini, 2010;Fossum & Jachtenfuchs, 2017;Nicolaidis and Howse, 2002;Sbragia, 1992;Scharpf, 1988). Only a small handful of scholars have explicitly compared the development of the EU to historical processes of state formation or statebuilding, without assuming that the EU will or should evolve into a state (Bartolini, 2005;Börner & Eigmüller, 2015;Deutsch et al, 1957;Mérand, 2008). There also have been efforts to consider the EU in terms of other historical forms of governance, drawing out the differences with and similarities to past political orders such as empires (Beck & Grande, 2007;Caporaso, 1996;Marks, 1997Marks, , 2012Zielonka, 2006).…”