“…Many descriptive statistics and statistical models have been published to establish accurate estimates of the expected number of sapwood rings (Bleicher et al, 2020;Bräthen, 1982;Edvardsson et al, 2022;Gjerdrum, 2013;Haneca et al, 2009;Hillam et al, 1987;Hollstein, 1965Hollstein, , 1980Hughes et al, 1981;Jevšenak et al, 2019;Miles, 1997;Pilcher, 1987;Rybnicek et al, 2006;Shindo et al, 2024;Sohar et al, 2012;Wazny, 1990). These models are based on counts of sapwood rings from living and historical timbers and often rely on log-transformation of the original data, or use regression models including additional variables such as mean ring width, the cambial age of the tree or a combination of both.…”