European prosumers in Romania's energy market

Abstract

The present paper aims to highlight how the transition from tradition energy consumers to prosumers is being promoted in the European Union and what the actual status in Romania is. Starting from the main European policy pillars, the paper presents the rationale behind the transformation of consumers into prosumers.

Corrosion and passivation of the 304 stainless steel in formic acid solutions

“…The presence of the anions: , Cl − , Br − , I − , or in deaerated 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 influences in different modes the corrosion and passivation electrochemical parameters of 304 stainless steel, depending on their nature and concentration as well as on their role in the corrosion process . The sulfate anion (≥0.5 M) determined a significant decrease of the critical current, but also an increase of the passivation current.…”

“…Stainless steels, and other corrosion resistant alloys based on Ni or Ti, were wordily studied in order to investigate corrosion behavior, in acid media; it is important not only for industrial applications , but also in the medicine field for their use in cardiovascular stents and orthodontics and orthopedic materials . The increasing use of stainless steels and such passivable alloys for implant materials and the growing prevalence of nickel allergy has increased the interest in biocompatibility and biodegradation studies of these devices; the decisive factor of such devices has been their corrosion behavior in artificial or natural biologic acid media.…”

“…The corrosion and passivation behavior of the 304 stainless steel, named 18Cr–10Ni stainless steel, was investigated in various aqueous solutions, containing inorganic compounds .…”

“…In pure state the organic acids show a low aggressiveness for stainless steel, but in aqueous solutions, corrosion resistance of steel depends on their nature and concentrations .…”

“…In deaerated oxalic acid solutions (0.1–1 N), the anodic curve of the 304 stainless steel presented the active/passive transition, but at long immersion time in aerated solutions of concentrations ≤0.5 N C 2 O 4 H 2 it becomes passive . The oxalate and tartrate anions act as inhibitors of the 304 stainless steel corrosion in deaerated 1 N H 2 SO 4 solutions, determining the decrease of the critical current, of the passive current and of the corrosion rate, the inhibition efficiency been over 95% .…”