European Universities and Similar Institutions in Existence Between 1812 and the End of 1944: A Chronological List

The Research University, Invention, and Industry: Evidence from German History

“…We gather additional data as follows. Data on the location of universities are from Rüegg (2004a;b). We collect information on all schools opened in the cities we study, coding evidence from Keyser (1939Keyser ( -1974.…”

“…Enrollment patterns provide important indications of university quality, as they reflect the historic competitiveness of the German university system and the geographic mobility of students and faculty (Eulenburg 1904;Rüegg 2004a;Turner 1975). We therefore assemble university-year level data on enrollments from Eulenburg (1904) and test whether enrollments evolved similarly at universities that were and were not closed during the era of the French Revolution and Napoleonic invasion.…”

“…The French Revolution and Napoleonic invasion shifted the values of intellectual and administrative elites (Hagemann 2006;Whaley 2012;Blackbourn 2003). This led to the development of a pro-science and pro-research model for university education (Rüegg 2004a;McClelland 2008). Specifically, "the early 19th century concept of wissenschaftliche Bildung (scientific education) had a profound impact on the history of the German university," which was transformed into "the pre-eminent loci of research and Bildung (education)" (Van Bommel 2015;p.…”

An Affair to Remember: America's Brief Fling with the University as a Public Good

“…By 1880, it had 811, which doesn't even include the normal schools. As a comparison, this was five times as many institutions as existed that year in all of Western Europe (Rüegg, ). To be sure, the American institutions were for the most part colleges in name only, with low academic standards, an average student body of 131 (Carter et al ., , Table Bc523) and faculty of 14 (Carter et al ., ), Table Bc571).…”

2013 Dewey Lecture: College—What Is It Good For?

“…By 1830 the numbers rose to 50 and then growth accelerated, with the total reaching 250 in 1860, 563 in 1870, and 811 in 1880. To give some perspective, the number of universities in the United Kingdom between 1800 and 1880 rose from 6 to 10 and in all of Europe from 111 to 160 (Rüegg, 2004). So in 1880 this upstart system had five times as many institutions of higher education as did the entire continent of Europe.…”