Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become a mainstay in assisting in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. In addition, EUS provides a modality to treat chronic pain through celiac plexus neurolysis. Currently, there is growing data and utilization of EUS in more diverse and innovative applications aimed at providing more sophisticated diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options for patients with pancreatic cancer. EUS delivery of chemotherapy, viral and biological vectors and fiducial markers may eventually revolutionize the way clinicians approach the care of a patient with pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016;7(6):1019-1029 jgo.amegroups.com pancreatic tumor, thus preventing side effects of systemic chemotherapy. It also allows for a more comprehensive realtime image, a shorter puncture pathway, and a lower risk of complications when compared to via computed tomography (CT) or abdominal ultrasound (US)-guided procedures.EUS-guided fine needle injections (EUS-FNIs) were initially studied in a porcine model where they injected paclitaxel into the pancreas; clinically detectable concentrations of the drug could not be detected beyond a distance of 30-50 mm from the injection site (6). Levy et al. studied EUS-FNI of gemcitabine in patients with unresectable cancer and demonstrated that several patients were able to be down staged and undergo subsequent resection (7). EUS-FNI of chemotherapy can be limited by the high density of fibrosis in pancreatic cancer, making it difficult to pierce the needle into the pancreatic tumor, and make it challenging to inject adequate amounts of an injected solution into the mass (7). Although interventional EUS has not been shown to significantly improve the survival rate and prolong the survival time in patients with pancreatic cancer, it can effectively induce tumor cell death. Additional studies are needed to further explore this therapeutic application in the future.
EUS in predicting prognosis and response to chemotherapyIn addition to the potential for directly administering chemotherapy, assessing the prognosis and response to therapy is another developing role for EUS. Currently, many academic institutions and industry trials have adopted the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) criteria to help standardize the assessment of prognosis and response to therapies (8). RECIST criteria are largely based on radiographic cross-sectional imaging. It has been proposed that tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (defined by the RECIST criteria) would be required prior to surgery for borderline resectable pancreatic tumors. However, in a study by Katz et al. only 12% of cases had radiographic changes associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy that met the RECIST criteria (9). Furthermore, only one patient out of 129 patients had enough of a reduction in tumor size to be reclassified as resectable via radiographic criteria, and yet 60% of those patients underwent surgical resection, suggesting that surgical resection in patients with bor...