Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Synthesis of NiFe-LDH/Sulfur-Doped Carbon Nitride Arrays: Investigation of Electrocatalytic Activity for the Dimetridazole Sensor in Human Sustenance

Abstract

Pharmaceutical contamination is an emerging environmental concern that threatens global health and impacts every hemisphere of existence. The extensive exploitation and unregulated release of these chemical pollutants challenge environmental sustainability and call for their immediate detection and remediation. This study discusses the electrochemical determination of the antiprotozoal drug (dimetridazole), which is banned in numerous places owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic, using a 2D/2D heterojunction. The detrimental outcomes of the drug demonstrate the significance of its effective detection and the development of suitable materials for the sensing application. The deep eutectic solvent-based fabrication of Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide nanosheets/sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride heterostructure features the green and ecologically benign synthesis of the compound with remarkable properties. The conjunction of hierarchical structures offers synergistic quantum confinement effects and confines charge carriers promoting abundant active sites. The improved electrocatalytic activity of the proposed drug sensor reinforces its perspectives by exhibiting higher sensitivity, wide linear-range responses (0.008–110.77 μM), a lower limit of detection (1.6 nM), appreciable stability, and higher selectivity. Analysis of real samples with the developed electrocatalyst underpins its practical applications in the real world. The development of superior architectures with lower energy requirements and minimal byproducts marks the superior characteristics of the synthesis methodology within the guidelines of green chemistry.

Interfacial Superassembly of Mo2C@NiMn-LDH Frameworks for Electrochemical Monitoring of Carbendazim Fungicide

“…11,29,31 The Mn 2p spectrum in Figure 2c consists of two distinct peaks at ∼644.9, 648.9 eV (Mn 2p 3/2 ) and ∼653.9, 660.3 eV (Mn 2p 1/2 ) having a spin energy separation of 11.7 eV stating the native characteristics of Mn 3+ species in the sample. 9,32 Additionally, the O 1s spectrum is deconvoluted into three peaks centered at ∼532.1 and ∼534.0 eV that emerge from intercalated CO 3 2− and O M−OH groups, which support the existence of Ni and Mn hydroxides 33 (Figure 2d). In the case of MXene, the XPS spectrum of the Mo 3d component is displayed in Figure 2e at binding energies ∼227.2, 229.3, 230.4, and 233.7 eV, corresponding to Mo 2+ that emerges from Mo 2 C, Mo 4+ 3d 3/2 , Mo 6+ 3d 5/2 , and Mo 6+ 3d 3/2 , respectively.…”

“…The Ni 2p, Mn 2p, and O 1s peaks originate from the primary NiMn-LDH matrix, whereas the presence of Mo and C peaks is allocated to Mo 2 C MXene. In Figure b, the high-resolution spectrum of the Ni 2p component exhibits two characteristic peaks at binding energies ∼858.7 eV (3+) and ∼862.6 eV (2+) ascribed to Ni 2p 3/2 , and peaks at binding energies ∼876.4 eV (3+) and ∼878.3 eV (2+) can be credited to Ni 2p 1/2 accompanied with satellite peaks at binding energies ∼865.4 and ∼881.7 eV, which belong to the Ni 2p species, indicating the existence of the Ni 2+ state. ,, The Mn 2p spectrum in Figure c consists of two distinct peaks at ∼644.9, 648.9 eV (Mn 2p 3/2 ) and ∼653.9, 660.3 eV (Mn 2p 1/2 ) having a spin energy separation of 11.7 eV stating the native characteristics of Mn 3+ species in the sample. , Additionally, the O 1s spectrum is deconvoluted into three peaks centered at ∼532.1 and ∼534.0 eV that emerge from intercalated CO 3 2– and O M–OH groups, which support the existence of Ni and Mn hydroxides (Figure d). In the case of MXene, the XPS spectrum of the Mo 3d component is displayed in Figure e at binding energies ∼227.2, 229.3, 230.4, and 233.7 eV, corresponding to Mo 2+ that emerges from Mo 2 C, Mo 4+ 3d 3/2 , Mo 6+ 3d 5/2 , and Mo 6+ 3d 3/2 , respectively.…”

Well-Designed Construction of Yttrium Orthovanadate Confined on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Sheets: Electrochemical Investigation of Dimetridazole

“…As we can see, in comparison with the analytical parameters of other reported works, YVO 4 @CN/GCE shows improved competency toward the detection of DMZ (Table ). ,,,− Numerous active sites, strong electronic interactions, and synergism attribute toward this competency, where these outcomes specify that YVO 4 @CN/GCE is the assured candidate for DMZ determination.…”

“…Harmful side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, seizures, mutagenesis, encephalopathy, and genotoxicity occur in humans due to the drug residues having a stable teratogenic nitroimidazole ring structure recognized as carcinogenic in nature. 6,7 Furthermore, these pharmaceutical compounds culminate in water resources causing potential long-term negative outcomes in surface-, drinking-, and ground-water systems. 8,9 Therefore, the use of the drug DMZ has been banned according to the committee rules in the European Union (2377/90) 10,11 and thus there is a prerequisite for the development of rapid real-time analytical tools with high sensitivity and precision.…”

“…This drug is used in the prevention and treatment of bacterial and protozoal infections in poultry. , In humans, this drug is recommended for skin ulcers, rosacea, trichomoniasis, mouth infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Harmful side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, seizures, mutagenesis, encephalopathy, and genotoxicity occur in humans due to the drug residues having a stable teratogenic nitroimidazole ring structure recognized as carcinogenic in nature. , Furthermore, these pharmaceutical compounds culminate in water resources causing potential long-term negative outcomes in surface-, drinking-, and ground-water systems. , Therefore, the use of the drug DMZ has been banned according to the committee rules in the European Union (2377/90) , and thus there is a prerequisite for the development of rapid real-time analytical tools with high sensitivity and precision. Varied conventional methods for monitoring analytes have already been reported in literature, but these techniques are disruptive being time-consuming, having unsatisfied selectivity and complicated manipulations, being expensive, involving high complexity and sensitivity issues and thus fabrication of a simple and cost-effective alternative has been validated in this present work. − …”