Evaluating and Regulating Lead in Synthetic Turf

Abstract

BackgroundIn 2007, a synthetic turf recreational field in Newark, New Jersey, was closed because lead was found in synthetic turf fibers and in surface dust at concentrations exceeding hazard criteria. Consequently, public health professionals across the country began testing synthetic turf to determine whether it represented a lead hazard. Currently, no standardized methods exist to test for lead in synthetic turf or to assess lead hazards.ObjectivesOur objectives were to increase awareness of potential lead exposure from synthetic turf by presenting data showing elevated lead in fibers and turf-derived dust; identify risk assessment uncertainties; recommend that federal and/or state agencies determine appropriate methodologies for assessing lead in synthetic turf; and recommend an interim standardized approach for sampling, interpreting results, and taking health-protective actions.DiscussionData collected from recreational fields and child care centers indicate lead in synthetic turf fibers and dust at concentrations exceeding the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 statutory lead limit of 300 mg/kg for consumer products intended for use by children, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s lead-dust hazard standard of 40 μg/ft2 for floors.ConclusionsSynthetic turf can deteriorate to form dust containing lead at levels that may pose a risk to children. Given elevated lead levels in turf and dust on recreational fields and in child care settings, it is imperative that a consistent, nationwide approach for sampling, assessment, and action be developed. In the absence of a standardized approach, we offer an interim approach to assess potential lead hazards when evaluating synthetic turf.

Environmental and Health Impacts of Artificial Turf: A Review

“…In general, the levels of VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs, heavy metals, and particulates (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) in the air above outdoor artificial turf fields were found to be comparable to those of local background, and were within the regulatory limits, 9,46−51 although the results might only be applicable to the specific fields and conditions measured. One study found that the levels of PM 10 and metals at the high play activity sites of artificial turf fields, although elevated compared to the background concentrations, were below the corresponding air quality standards. 46 The VOCs and SVOCs in the air above outdoor artificial turf fields resulted from volatilization from the fields and local traffic emissions, both of which were subject to air dispersion and dilution.…”

Release of particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical and physical stress

“…Grass-like surfaces are extensively used for blanket lawns, park spaces, and athletic fields where children and adults relax and play, but a number of questions regarding their potential effects on health and environment are still largely unanswered (Birkholz et al 2003;Whitlock 2008;EPA 2009;Simon 2010;Van Ulirsch et al 2010;Ginsberg et al 2011;Serensits et al 2011;Ruffino et al 2013;Cheng et al 2014). The main sources of concern regard the use of rubber granulates as infill material (Claudio 2008;Zhang et al 2008).…”

“…It should also be considered that in outdoor environments, rubbers are exposed to oxidizing agents, light, temperature, and rain; these conditions may reduce their mechanical resistance and enhance the release of toxic agents (Zhang et al 2009;Cheng et al 2014). Further studies should thus address the behavior of these materials under unfavorable conditions, also considering that children are the most affected population (Van Ulirsch et al 2010;Ginsberg et al 2011;Kim et al 2012;Cheng et al 2014).…”

Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers

“…Again, no elevated health risks were identified in air samples collected from on‐field or downwind locations . In addition to organic compounds, metals have been identified as a potential contaminant of concern, particularly lead, which can cause severe permanent neurological health effects in children . Lead‐based coloring agents used in fibers of some artificial turf can be released into the environment as the field ages.…”

“…Lead‐based coloring agents used in fibers of some artificial turf can be released into the environment as the field ages. Measured concentrations have exceeded the statutory lead limit for consumer products intended for children and EPA lead‐dust standard for floors …”