Evaluating developmental toxicity in the rat as a basis for human risk assessment for cleft palate

Vicario, L. Lozano; Dixon, Jill; Rattray, Magnus; Barnes, Emma; Wright, Jayne; Dixon, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.430

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Morphologically, palatogenesis in mice, rats and human consists of palatal shelves, development, growth, elevation, content and fusion. The mouse is the mostly commonly used species for the study of palatogenesis and the rat is the species used in human risk assessment studies; although it is assumed that the molecular pathways underlying palatogenesis in mice, rats and humans are similar, similar expression patterns between mice and rats suggest that the principal pathways underlying pathogenesis are conserved in both species (Vicario et al, 2014).…”

Section: Possible Sources Of Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: an overview

Saganuwan¹

2017

BJVM

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SummarySaganuwan, S. A., 2017. Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 20, No 4, Toxicity study is the investigation of either short or long-term toxic effects of a drug or chemical on animals. The toxicity is dose-dependent as asserted by Paracelsus over 500 years ago. However, short-term toxic effect is determined using median lethal dose (LD 50 ) first introduced by Trevan in 1927 and revised many times. Presently there is a growing preponderance of rejection of scientific papers on acute toxicity study, simply because of the belief that in the current hazard and safety assessment of drugs and chemicals, LD 50 values are no longer used. In view of this, literature search was carried out with a view to investigating the relevance of LD 50 in development and assessment of drugs and chemicals. The findings revealed that in the past, many animals had been used for LD 50 determination. OECD has reduced the number of test animals to 5-15 and presently it is further reduced to 2-6. Acute toxicity study is being carried out in medicinal plants research and in the study of patent medicine. Although the application of LD 50 has been drastically reduced, it is still applied and accepted in some parts of the world. Moreover, animals on which LD 50 tests are conducted, should be allowed to die to see the end effect of the test drug or chemical because euthanisia of test animals may mask some toxicity signs of the test agents. Therefore, toxicity study of drugs and chemicals is a scientific process necessary for discovery and development of drugs as well as identification of potential toxicants.

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Section: Possible Sources Of Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%