“…This is because CSDG contained cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—all of them rich in hydroxyl groups—and therefore, materials with CSDG should have high water absorption. This same phenomenon is also reflected in the research by Wen et al [ 56 ] on vinasse and polyethylene. The water absorption in MPLA/CSDG was lower than that in PLA/CSDG samples, and the increase in water absorption tended to be slow, indicating that MPLA/CSDG was more compact, so the water absorption was relatively poor.…”
Adding natural biomass to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a reinforcing filler is a way to change the properties of PLA. This paper is about preparing PLA/biomass composites by physically melting and blending Chinese Spirits distiller’s grains (CSDG) biomass and PLA to optimize the composite performance. Composites of modified PLA (MPLA) with varying amounts of CSDG were also prepared by the melt-mixing method, and unmodified PLA/CSDG composites were used as a control group for comparative analysis. The functional groups of MPLA enhanced the compatibility between the polymer substrate and CSDG. The composite water vapor/oxygen barrier and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that the barrier and mechanical properties of MPLA/CSDG composites were significantly improved. SEM was adopted to examine the tensile section structure of the composites, and the compatibility between the filler and the matrix was analyzed. An appropriate amount of CSDG had a better dispersibility in the matrix, and it further improved the interfacial bonding force, which in turn improved the composite mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted to determine the crystalline properties and to analyze the stability of the composites. It was found that the CSDG content had a significant effect on the crystallinity. Barrier and biodegradation mechanisms were also discussed.
“…This is because CSDG contained cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—all of them rich in hydroxyl groups—and therefore, materials with CSDG should have high water absorption. This same phenomenon is also reflected in the research by Wen et al [ 56 ] on vinasse and polyethylene. The water absorption in MPLA/CSDG was lower than that in PLA/CSDG samples, and the increase in water absorption tended to be slow, indicating that MPLA/CSDG was more compact, so the water absorption was relatively poor.…”
Adding natural biomass to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a reinforcing filler is a way to change the properties of PLA. This paper is about preparing PLA/biomass composites by physically melting and blending Chinese Spirits distiller’s grains (CSDG) biomass and PLA to optimize the composite performance. Composites of modified PLA (MPLA) with varying amounts of CSDG were also prepared by the melt-mixing method, and unmodified PLA/CSDG composites were used as a control group for comparative analysis. The functional groups of MPLA enhanced the compatibility between the polymer substrate and CSDG. The composite water vapor/oxygen barrier and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that the barrier and mechanical properties of MPLA/CSDG composites were significantly improved. SEM was adopted to examine the tensile section structure of the composites, and the compatibility between the filler and the matrix was analyzed. An appropriate amount of CSDG had a better dispersibility in the matrix, and it further improved the interfacial bonding force, which in turn improved the composite mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted to determine the crystalline properties and to analyze the stability of the composites. It was found that the CSDG content had a significant effect on the crystallinity. Barrier and biodegradation mechanisms were also discussed.
“…The two absorption bands at 2981 and 2923 cm −1 can be attributed to symmetric stretching vibrations (ν) of CH 2 groups, absorption band at 1468 cm −1 to bending vibrations (δ) and band at 1381 cm −1 to the wagging vibrations of the same groups [ 17 , 18 ]. Strong absorption bands at 1090 cm −1 arise from stretching vibrations of C-O-C groups [ 19 , 20 ]. It should be noted that in the FTIR spectra, no changes in band position for any POM/HAp-g-PCL composites were found.…”
In this work, nanohydroxyapatite (HAp) was functionalized with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), using 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a coupling agent, and then incorporated into the polyoxymethylene copolymer (POM) matrix using the extrusion technique. The obtained POM/HAp-g-PCL composites were investigated using FTIR, DSC, TOPEM DSC, and TG methods. Mechanical properties were studied using destructive and non-destructive ultrasonic methods, wettability, and POM crystallization kinetics in the presence of HAp-g-PCL. Moreover, preliminary bioactivity evaluation of the POM/HAp-g-PCL composites was performed using the Kokubo method. It was found that the introduction of HAp-g-PCL to the POM matrix has a limited effect on the phase transitions of POM as well as on its degree of crystallinity. Importantly, HAp grafted with PCL caused a significant increase in the thermal stability of the POM, from 292 °C for pristine POM to 333 °C for POM modified with 2.5% HAp-g-PCL. If unmodified HAp was used, a distinct decrease in the thermal stability of the POM was observed. Crystallization kinetic studies confirmed that HAp-g-PCL, in small amounts, can act as a nucleating agent for the POM crystallization process. Moreover, incorporation of HAp-g-PCL, although slightly decreasing the mechanical properties of POM composites, improved the crucial parameter in biomedical applications, namely the in vitro bioactivity.
“…Such behavior stems from the hydrophilic nature of the PR residue, which interacts with water through the -OH groups of the fibers (observed in the FTIR) by hydrogen bonds. 61 So, PR can easily attract the hydroxyl group better than the hydrophilic polymer, causing poor interface and higher WA values. 29 Also, the entry of water can be facilitated by the non-homogeneous surface morphology characteristic of the fiber, presence of lumen, and voids, which can also influence the composites' surface, causing defects such as microtunnels that facilitate the entry of water in the hydrophobic matrix.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The PEr sample showed little variation in WA over time, as expected, and mentioned widely in the literature due to virgin hydrophobicity and recycled polyethylene. 6,60,61 Figure 12.Water absorption for PEr and a) composites with PR and b) composites with PR and MAPE.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The PEr sample showed little variation in WA over time, as expected, and mentioned widely in the literature due to virgin hydrophobicity and recycled polyethylene. 6,60,61 In Figure 12(a), the gradual addition of PR in the matrix showed a trend of WAvalues compared to the PEr at the end of 23 days, reaching a value of 0.804% for the PEr 15PR sample while PEr obtained only 0.255%, meaning a gain of ∼72% WA.Suchbehaviorstemsfromthe hydrophilicnatureofthePR residue, which interacts with water through the -OH groups of the fibers (observed in the FTIR) by hydrogen bonds. 61 So, PR can easily attract the hydroxyl group better than the hydrophilic polymer, causing poor interface and higher WAvalues.…”
This study proposes that green composites using recycled plastic bags (PEr) extruded with pineapple fiber waste (PR) from a juice industry to increase pineapple’s economic value stimulate practices that prioritize recycling and development of new materials. PEr composites were prepared using PR as a filler, using different fiber loadings of 5, 10, and 15 wt%, and the use of a coupling agent, prepared via extrusion and injection molding. The samples were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, inflammability, mechanical tests (tensile, impact, and shore hardness), scanning electron microscopy, and water absorption tests. FTIR results demonstrated that the addition of PR to the PEr caused a decrease in the characteristic bands of neat PEr, evidencing the chemical interactions. Thermal analysis showed that the addition PR decreased composites' thermal stability, causing relatively higher percentages of char compared to neat PEr, which increased the burning rate of composites, except for PEr/15PR and PEr/5PR-C. Green composites exhibited higher tensile modulus and hardness than PEr, but the impact tests presented a decrease in the fibers' addition to the PEr due to the reduction of toughness and resilience. SEM of fractured surface composites presented microcracks, voids, and fibers breakage in the interface. The composites showed low water absorption (up to 0.804%). The coupling agent’s use presented a low influence on the mechanical and thermal properties and a slight decrease in water absorption. These results demonstrate o potential of the reuse of plastic bags and industrial waste for green composites.
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