Evaluating ferrocene ions and all-ferrocene salts for electrochemical applications

Schrage, Briana R.; Zhao, Zhiling; Boika, Aliaksei; Ziegler, Christopher J.

doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.06.023

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…12 We have explored the synthesis of new ferrocene-based electroactive materials and have recently presented work on all-ferrocene salts where large potential differences are observed between the anolyte and catholyte. 27 Unfortunately, those all-ferrocene salts are not practical for RFBs that use ion exchange resins, as either the ferrocene anion or ferrocene cation bind to the oppositely charged ionexchange resin, thus impeding function.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This compound can be readily prepared from commercially available reagents and exhibits high solubility in water. 27 Along with this species, we also employed the bis sulfonate-modified anthraquinone 2,7-AQDS, which also exhibits good water solubility and is commercially available. Thus, this is an all-anionic approach to the RFB problem, using sulfonates as stable functional groups to drive optimal aqueous solubility.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The catholyte, 1,1′-FcDS, was prepared from bis ferrocene sulfonic acid, which can be synthesized based on a previously reported procedure. 27 Basic iron(III) acetate was generated by a previously published procedure. 28 The anolyte, 2,7-AQDS, was purchased from Pfaltz & Bauer Inc. All other chemicals were of ACS grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher Scientific and used directly.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigations Into Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries Based on Ferrocene Bisulfonate

Zhao

Zhang

Schrage

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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The successful implementation of redox flow battery (RFB) technology requires the development of highly stable and soluble catholyte and anolyte materials that could be used in aqueous media. In this work, we investigated a highly soluble derivative of ferrocene1,1′-bis(sulfonate)ferrocene dianion disodium saltas a possible catholyte in an all-anionic RFB design. Based on the results of cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge cycling experiments, we determined that this compound can be unstable and prone to a nucleophilic attack by anions in certain supporting electrolytes. However, it is stable in neutral pH solutions with weak nucleophilic anions like nitrate. These findings are fundamental for the future development of improved RFB materials.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigations Into Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries Based on Ferrocene Bisulfonate

Zhao

Zhang

Schrage

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…Currently, non‐sustainable large scale storage technologies involve redox flow batteries (RFB) [5] . Their core is the electrolyte, which nowadays is mainly based on mined sources (such as vanadium, bromine), [6–8] with significant environmental impact. Storage capacity of RFB is directly linked to the size of the tanks filled with electrolytes.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

2‐Methoxyhydroquinone from Vanillin for Aqueous Redox‐Flow Batteries

et al. 2020

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We show the synthesis of a redox-active quinone, 2methoxy-1,4-hydroquinone (MHQ), from a bio-based feedstock and its suitability as electrolyte in aqueous redox flow batteries. We identified semiquinone intermediates at insufficiently low pH and quinoid radicals as responsible for decomposition of MHQ under electrochemical conditions. Both can be avoided and/or stabilized, respectively, using H 3 PO 4 electrolyte, allowing for reversible cycling in a redox flow battery for hundreds of cycles.

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“…Currently, non-sustainable large scale storage technologies involve redox flow batteries (RFB). [5] Their core is the electrolyte, which nowadays is mainly based on mined sources (such as vanadium, bromine), [6][7][8] with significant environmental impact. Storage capacity of RFB is directly linked to the size of the tanks filled with electrolytes.…”

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confidence: 99%