Evaluating <i>Cinchona</i> bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria

Gachelin, Gabriel; Garner, Paul; Ferroni, Eliana; Tröhler, Ulrich; Chalmers, Iain

doi:10.1177/0141076816681421

Cited by 49 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Prophylaxis with quinine was shown efficient at the individual level and for some clearly defined and organized groups such as soldiers or prisoners, but could not be scaled up to the level of general populations. This is described in a separate publication [1, 2]. This analysis concludes:

Correct mosquito-proofing of houses was shown to be very efficient but could not easily be scaled up mainly because of the cost of the equipment.

…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Similar trials followed in other countries. For example, in the Andaman Islands penal settlement, mosquito-killing, bed-nets and combustible pastilles, prophylactic administration of quinine, keeping the population in a good state of general health, and reducing time spent in highly infectious areas was associated with a marked reduction of malaria cases over several years, in malarial conditions more aggressive than those on Asinara Island [1, 2, 30]. In 1903, Ernest Edwin Waters gave a detailed account of the measures taken to reduce malaria and some of the formal experiments designed to assess their effects.…”

Section: Combining Local Measures: Piccola Bonificamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite some promising initial results, using quinine to prevent transmission in large populations of people exposed to the risk of malaria was not successful at scale [1, 2]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence and strategies for malaria prevention and control: a historical analysis

Gachelin

Garner

Ferroni

et al. 2018

Malar J

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Public health strategies for malaria in endemic countries aim to prevent transmission of the disease and control the vector. This historical analysis considers the strategies for vector control developed during the first four decades of the twentieth century. In 1925, policies and technological advances were debated internationally for the first time after the outbreak of malaria in Europe which followed World War I. This dialogue had implications for policies in Europe, Russia and the Middle East, and influenced the broader international control agenda. The analysis draws on the advances made before 1930, and includes the effects of mosquito-proofing of houses; the use of larvicides (Paris Green) and larvivorous fish (Gambusia); the role of large-scale engineering works; and the emergence of biological approaches to malaria. The importance of strong government and civil servant support was outlined. Despite best efforts of public health authorities, it became clear that it was notoriously difficult to interrupt transmission in areas of moderately high transmission. The importance of combining a variety of measures to achieve control became clear and proved successful in Palestine between 1923 and 1925, and improved education, economic circumstances and sustained political commitment emerge as key factors in the longer term control of malaria. The analysis shows that the principles for many of the present public health strategies for malaria have nearly all been defined before 1930, apart from large scale usage of pesticides, which came later at the end of the Second World War. No single intervention provided an effective single answer to preventing transmission, but certainly approaches taken that are locally relevant and applied in combination, are relevant to today’s efforts at elimination.

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Correct mosquito-proofing of houses was shown to be very efficient but could not easily be scaled up mainly because of the cost of the equipment.

…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Combining Local Measures: Piccola Bonificamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence and strategies for malaria prevention and control: a historical analysis

Gachelin

Garner

Ferroni

et al. 2018

Malar J

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“…Since the 18th century, use of this extract has become an efficient therapeutic tool to eradicate malaria from endemic zones and its efficacy was so evident that Chincona was also used to define intermittent fever due to Plasmodium (Francesco Torti "Therapeutice specialis ad febres quasdam perniciosas", 1712) [1,2]. For almost a century the treatment has been used empirically, by extracting the alkaloid (quinine) from the bark without clear indication on purity and concentration.…”

Section: Story Of Antimalarials: From Cinchona Bark To Atabrinementioning

confidence: 99%

Reappraisal of Antimalarials in Interferonopathies: New Perspectives for Old Drugs

Piscianz

Cuzzoni

Sharma

et al. 2018

CMC

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The story of antimalarials as antinflammatory drugs dates back few centuries. Chinin, the extract of the Cinchona bark, has been exploited since the 18th century for its antimalarial and antifebrile properties. Later, during the Second World War, the broad use of antimalarials allowed arguing their antirheumatic effect on soldiers. Since then, these drugs have been broadly used to treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, but, only recently, the molecular mechanisms of action have been partly clarified.The inhibitory action on vacuole function and trafficking has been considered for decades the main mechanism of the action of antimalarials, affecting the activation of phagocytes and dendritic cells. In addition, chloroquine is also as a potent inhibitor of autophagy, providing another possible explanation of its antinflammatory action. However, much attention has been recently devoted to the action of antimalarials on the so-called cGAS-STING pathway deputed to the sensing of nucleic acid and to the production of type 1 interferons. This pathway is a fundamental mechanism for host defence, since it is able to detect microbial DNA and RNA and induce the immune response that will lead to the production of interferons. Of note, genetic defects in disposal of nucleic acids lead to inappropriate activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and inflammation. These disorders, named type I interferonopathies, represent a valuable model to study the antinflammatory potential of antimalarials.We will discuss possible development of antimalarials to improve the treatment of type I interferonopathies and, likely multifactorial disorders characterised by interferon inflammation, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

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“…Interestingly, it persists as a crucial source of drug discovery [16]. Furthermore, isolation of the natural product from herbal medicine has received increasing attention and a potential source of the conventional antimalarial drug [20] represented by the isolation of quinine from Cinchona bark [21,22,23] and artemisinin from Artemisia annua [24]. In Africa, herbal medicines are one of the most common traditional medicine and nearly 80% has been utilized as primary health care.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimalarial activity of traditional Kampo medicine Coptis Rhizome extract and its major active compounds

Teklemichael

Mizukami

Toume

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The herbal medicine has been an attractive source of new antimalarial drugs exemplified by quinine and artemisinin, thus we examined a variety of Japanese traditional herbal medicine (Kampo) for their potential antimalarial activities.Methods: We designed a comprehensive screening to identify novel antimalarial drugs from a library of Kampo crude drug extracts (n = 120). The antimalarial activity was initially evaluated in vitro against chloroquine/mefloquine-sensitive (3D7) and -resistant (Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The cytotoxicity was also evaluated using primary Adult Mouse Brain cells. Subsequently, major active components of Kampo crude drug extracts showing high antimalarial activities and low cytotoxicity were further evaluated. Finally, the in vivo antimalarial activities of promising Kampo crude drug extract was investigated using P. yoelii infected mouse model in a seven-day suppressive test (treatment start two hours after challenge infection and continue for seven days).Results: Out of 120 extracts, Coptis Rhizome showed the highest antimalarial activity (IC50 1.9 µg/mL of 3D7 and 4.85 µg/mL of Dd2) with a high selectivity index (SI) > 263 (3D7) and > 103 (Dd2). Three major components in Coptis Rhizome also showed antimalarial activities with IC50 ranging from 1.1 to 6.0 µM (against 3D7) and from 3.1 to 11.8 µM (against Dd2). Among them, coptisine chloride exhibited the highest antimalarial activity (IC50 1.1 µM against 3D7 and 3.1 µM against Dd2) with SI of 37.8 and 13.2, respectively. Furthermore, Coptis Rhizome exhibited significant antimalarial activity in mice infected with P. yoelii 17X strain with respect to its activity on parasite suppression consistently throughout the entire test period (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Coptis Rhizome showed a significant in vivo antimalarial activity in mice infected with P. Yoelii, thus it is a potential natural resource for antimalarials and its component coptisine chloride is a promising antimalarial lead compound.

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Evaluating Cinchona bark and quinine for treating and preventing malaria

Cited by 49 publications

References 23 publications

Evidence and strategies for malaria prevention and control: a historical analysis

Evidence and strategies for malaria prevention and control: a historical analysis

Reappraisal of Antimalarials in Interferonopathies: New Perspectives for Old Drugs

Antimalarial activity of traditional Kampo medicine Coptis Rhizome extract and its major active compounds

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