“…These banks differ significantly from conventional banks in various ways, such as regulations, profit distribution (Farook et al, 2012), asset-backed product offerings (Cerovic et al, 2017) and capital formation (Abu-alkheil et al, 2017). The Islamic banking system adheres to the laws of Islamic Shari'ah, making interest-free banking (Abbass et al, 2022a(Abbass et al, , 2022b(Abbass et al, , 2022cHassan et al, 2017;Hassan et al, 2022aHassan et al, , 2022bHassan et al, 2021;Zaher and Hassan, 2001). In Shari'ah terms, interest is called "Riba," which is prohibited in Islam because it causes a way of exploitation to the borrowers.…”