Evaluating management performance of marine protected area networks in the Philippines

Horigue, Vera; Aliño, Porfirio M.; Pressey, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.03.023

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Coordination can be constrained by logistical concerns, spatial extent, and availability of funds. Local governments closer together, such as those surrounding a single bay, will collaborate more readily because it is easier for them to communicate and share meetings, and some local governments work well together because of similar interests and goals [ 37 , 46 ]. Coordinating efforts across larger spatial extents, regardless of the number municipalities, presents challenges.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and Challenges of Scaling Up Expansion of Marine Protected Area Networks in the Verde Island Passage, Central Philippines

et al. 2015

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Locally-established marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proven to achieve local-scale fisheries and conservation objectives. However, since many of these MPAs were not designed to form ecologically-connected networks, their contributions to broader-scale goals such as complementarity and connectivity can be limited. In contrast, integrated networks of MPAs designed with systematic conservation planning are assumed to be more effective—ecologically, socially, and economically—than collections of locally-established MPAs. There is, however, little empirical evidence that clearly demonstrates the supposed advantages of systematic MPA networks. A key reason is the poor record of implementation of systematic plans attributable to lack of local buy-in. An intermediate scenario for the expansion of MPAs is scaling up of local decisions, whereby locally-driven MPA initiatives are coordinated through collaborative partnerships among local governments and their communities. Coordination has the potential to extend the benefits of individual MPAs and perhaps to approach the potential benefits offered by systematic MPA networks. We evaluated the benefits of scaling up local MPAs to form networks by simulating seven expansion scenarios for MPAs in the Verde Island Passage, central Philippines. The scenarios were: uncoordinated community-based establishment of MPAs; two scenarios reflecting different levels of coordinated MPA expansion through collaborative partnerships; and four scenarios guided by systematic conservation planning with different contexts for governance. For each scenario, we measured benefits through time in terms of achievement of objectives for representation of marine habitats. We found that: in any governance context, systematic networks were more efficient than non-systematic ones; systematic networks were more efficient in broader governance contexts; and, contrary to expectations but with caveats, the uncoordinated scenario was slightly more efficient than the coordinated scenarios. Overall, however, coordinated MPA networks have the potential to be more efficient than the uncoordinated ones, especially when coordinated planning uses systematic methods.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and Challenges of Scaling Up Expansion of Marine Protected Area Networks in the Verde Island Passage, Central Philippines

et al. 2015

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“…Marine protected area (MPA) networks based on principles of ecological connectivity, replication, and representation should (i) provide insurance against uncertainty in terms of limited knowledge of the specifics of the ecological processes dominating the area, (ii) help to maintain overall ecosystem function, and (iii) contribute to recovery after disturbances by facilitating immigration/emigration of surviving organisms from nearby MPAs (Almany et al, ; Gaines, White, Carr, & Palumbi, ; Grorud‐Colvert et al, ; McLeod, Salm, Green, & Almany, ; Nyström & Folke, ; Toropova, Meliane, Laffoley, Matthews, & Spalding, ). However, the establishment of MPA networks often involves large geographic areas and thus the subsequent involvement of multiple actors, institutions, and policy sectors (Alexander, ; Horigue, Aliño, & Pressey , ; Solandt, Jones, Duval‐Diop, Kleiven, & Frangoudes, ). There is a substantial risk that the complexity of the ‘social system’ exacerbates or leads to institutional and social fragmentation, thus limiting the ability to effectively govern the MPA network (Lagabrielle et al, ; Lowry, White, & Christie, ; Solandt et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, the term ‘governance network’ is used to emphasize that this social network consists of key actors that effectively constitute the de‐facto governance structure of the study area (Alexander, Andrachuk, & Armitage, ). This study specifically seeks to build upon and extend emerging research focused on social connectivity as a key aspect in the governance of MPA networks (Alexander, ; Horigue et al, ; Solandt et al, ), and in improving social–ecological fit (Bergsten, Galafassi, & Bodin, ; Bodin , Crona, Thyresson, Golz, & Tengö, ; Guerrero, Bodin, McAllister, & Wilson, ; Kininmonth, Bergsten, & Bodin, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining horizontal and vertical social ties to achieve social–ecological fit in an emerging marine reserve network

Alexander

Armitage

Carrington

et al. 2017

Aquatic Conservation

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Most MPA networks are designed only with ecological processes in mind to increase their conservation utility. However, since MPA networks often involve large geographic areas, they also affect and involve multiple actors, institutions, and policy sectors. A key challenge when establishing an effective MPA network is to align the ‘social system’ with the biophysical MPA network (the ‘ecological system’). This challenge is often denoted as ‘social–ecological fit’. Facilitating collaborative social interactions among various actors and stakeholders (social connectivity) is equally as important as accomplishing ecological connectivity. New analytical approaches are required to effectively examine this ‘social’ dimension of fit. An emerging marine reserve network in Jamaica and the recent invasion of Indo‐Pacific lionfish are used as a case study to: (1) examine the extent to which horizontal and vertical social ties bring local and national actors together to collaborate, coordinate, and share knowledge; and (2) assess the extent to which different attributes and features of such multilevel social networks may enhance or inhibit particular aspects of social–ecological fit. Findings suggest that multilevel linkages have played the greatest role in relation to enhancing fit in the marine reserve network in the context of the recent lionfish invasion. However, the long‐term propensity of the multi‐actor and multilevel networks to enhance social–ecological fit is uncertain given the prevalence of weak social ties, lack of a culture of information sharing and collaboration, and limited financial resources.

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“…To address this challenge in the marine realm, there has been a push for protecting pelagic ocean habitat for migratory species in international waters (Game et al, 2009;Sumaila, Zeller, Watson, Alder, & Pauly, 2007;White & Costello, 2014). The importance of networks for migratory species has also been discussed in both realms, including regional networks of MPAs (Horigue, Alino, & Pressey, 2014), and catchment-scale approaches for freshwater conservation (e.g. 'catchment management zones' , Abell et al, 2007;Cowx & Portocarrero Aya, 2011).…”

Section: Migratory Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salty stories, fresh spaces: Lessons for aquatic protected areas from marine and freshwater experiences

Loury

Ainsley

Bower

et al. 2017

Aquatic Conservation

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) and freshwater protected areas (FPAs), collectively aquatic protected areas (APAs), share many commonalities in their design, establishment, and management, suggesting great potential for sharing lessons learned. However, surprisingly little has been exchanged to date, and both realms of inquiry and practice have progressed mostly independent of each other. This paper builds on a session held at the 7th World Fisheries Congress in Busan, South Korea, in May 2016, which explored crossover lessons between marine and freshwater realms, and included case studies of four MPAs and five FPAs (or clusters of FPAs) from nine countries. This review uses the case studies to explore similarities, differences, and transferrable lessons between MPAs and FPAs under five themes: (1) ecological system; (2) establishment approaches; (3) effectiveness monitoring; (4) sustaining APAs; and (5) challenges and external threats. Ecological differences between marine and freshwater environments may necessitate different approaches for collecting species and habitat data to inform APA design, establishment and monitoring, but once collected, similar spatial ecological tools can be applied in both realms. In contrast, many similarities exist in the human dimension of both MPA and FPA establishment and management, highlighting clear opportunities for exchanging lessons related to stakeholder engagement and support, and for using similar socio‐economic and governance assessment methods to address data gaps in both realms. Regions that implement MPAs and FPAs could work together to address shared challenges, such as developing mechanisms for diversified and sustained funding, and employing integrated coastal/watershed management to address system‐level threats. Collaboration across realms could facilitate conservation of diadromous species in both marine and freshwater habitats. Continued exchange and increased collaboration would benefit both realms, and may be facilitated by defining shared terminology, holding cross‐disciplinary conferences or sessions, publishing inclusive papers, and proposing joint projects.

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Evaluating management performance of marine protected area networks in the Philippines

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Benefits and Challenges of Scaling Up Expansion of Marine Protected Area Networks in the Verde Island Passage, Central Philippines

Benefits and Challenges of Scaling Up Expansion of Marine Protected Area Networks in the Verde Island Passage, Central Philippines

Examining horizontal and vertical social ties to achieve social–ecological fit in an emerging marine reserve network

Salty stories, fresh spaces: Lessons for aquatic protected areas from marine and freshwater experiences

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