Evaluating phosphorus release by phytase in diets fed to growing pigs that are not deficient in phosphorus1

Olsen, Kristin; Gould, Stacie A; Walk, C. L.; Serão, Nick V. L.; Hansen, Stephanie L; Patience, John F.

doi:10.1093/jas/sky402

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Thus, this experiment supported our first hypothesis that the apparent release of P by phytase is greater in P-DE than in P-AD diets. In this regard, it agrees with the results previously reported by Olsen et al (2018) and confirmed more recently by Tsai et al (2020) . The outcome of lower P digestibility in the DE vs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Therefore, P release curves generated under conditions of P deficiency may not represent P release by phytase under normal physiological conditions. Olsen et al (2018) reported that P release by phytase appeared to be lower when the test diet was adequate ( AD ) in P.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to build on the results of our previous study ( Olsen et al, 2018 ) to further test the hypothesis that the P release values determined for phytase are higher when pigs are fed diets that are DE in P compared with when they are fed diets that are AD in P. A secondary objective of the experiment was to test the hypothesis that phytase will increase the digestibility of dry matter ( DM ), gross energy ( GE ), N, and Ca in both P-DE and P-AD diets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of the release of phosphorus by a phytase enzyme in pigs fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus content

Olsen

Gould

Patience

2021

Journal of Animal Science

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Previous research indicated that phytase may release less phosphorus (P) from phytate when it is evaluated using diets with P levels above requirement as compared with diets below requirement. The objectives of this experiment were to further test the hypothesis that the P release values determined for phytase are higher when pigs are fed diets that are deficient (DE) in P compared with when they are fed diets that are adequate (AD) in P, and that phytase will increase the digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), and calcium (Ca) independent of dietary P status. Twenty-four barrows (body weight: 23.2 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly assigned to one of eight dietary treatments and housed in individual pens for 21 d and then moved to metabolism crates for 9 d, with the collection of urine and feces occurring on the final 5 d. A basal corn–soybean meal diet (P-AD) was formulated at 0.36% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P and total calcium:STTD P (Ca:STTD P) of 2:1. A P-DE diet was also formulated to maintain a constant Ca:STTD P of 2:1 in both basal diets. Phytase was added to AD and DE diets at 350, 600, 1,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg. Pig was the experimental unit; diet (P-AD or P-DE), phytase level, and replicate were fixed effects. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of phytase within P-AD and P-DE diets. Phytase improved apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and STTD of P in both P-AD (linear P < 0.001) and P-DE diets (quadratic P < 0.001). Estimates for STTD P release were 0.07%, 0.09%, and 0.09% for 350, 600, and 1,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg in P-DE diets, and 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.05% in P-AD diets, respectively. In P-DE diets, phytase improved absorption and retention of P and increased urinary excretion of P (quadratic P < 0.001). In P-AD diets, phytase improved absorption of P (linear P = 0.066), tended to improve retention (linear P = 0.066), and increased urinary excretion of P (quadratic P = 0.021). Phytase improved ATTD of Ca in P-DE diets (quadratic P = 0.002) but not in P-AD diets (P > 0.1). In conclusion, the release of P by phytase is lower in diets that are AD in P than those which are DE. Phytase increased the availability of Ca only in the diets DE in P. Finally, phytase increased the ATTD of DM and tended to increase the ATTD of energy, independent of dietary P status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of the release of phosphorus by a phytase enzyme in pigs fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus content

Olsen

Gould

Patience

2021

Journal of Animal Science

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“…In both experiments, the fundamental platform for evaluating super-dosing phytase was to include the enzyme in a diet that was lower in energy and deficient in AA, but sufficient in P. The hypothesis was that super-dosed phytase acts by enhancing energy and/or nutrient availability ( Olsen et al, 2018 ). If this is the case, the response to phytase would be more likely to be observed when the diets are limiting relative to the pigs’ requirements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of “super-dosing” phytase in pig diets on growth performance during the nursery and grow-out periods1

Holloway

Boyd²,

Koehler

et al. 2018

Translational Animal Science

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Previous research indicates that “super-dosing” phytase may improve pig growth performance by improved nutrient use, although the benefits appear to be more consistent in nursery than in grow-out pigs. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine if performance could be improved by feeding phytase at super-dosed levels, and whether this response would be different if energy and amino acid (AA) were limiting. Experiment 1 involved 440 weaned pigs (6.27 ± 0.01 kg) in a factorial arrangement of treatments comparing the main effects of diet (positive control [PC] balanced for all nutrients vs. a negative control [NC]: 10% lower standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine with relative reduction of all other essential AA and 1% reduced fat) and phytase levels (0 vs. 2,500 FTU Quantum Blue 5G phytase/kg). Pigs were assigned to pen according to a randomized complete block design based on body weight (BW). Feed and water were provided ad libitum across four dietary phases: 3 × 1 wk plus 1 × 2 wk. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were improved in the PC relative to the NC (P < 0.05) indicating success in formulating a diet limiting in energy and/or AA. Phytase improved ADG and G:F, regardless of diet composition (P < 0.05). Thus, super-dosing phytase improved nursery pig growth performance, irrespective of diet nutrient adequacy or deficit. Experiment 2 involved 2,200 growing pigs (36.6 ± 0.30 kg) allotted to five treatments: a balanced PC (250 FTU Quantum Blue 5G phytase/kg), an NC (PC with 15% less SID lysine and 1.5% lower net energy [NE]), and three super-dosing phytase treatments applied to the NC totaling 1,000, 1,750, and 2,500 FTU phytase/kg. Feed and water were available ad libitum. At trial completion (approximately 122 kg), the PC pigs were heavier and more efficient than the NC pigs (P < 0.05) indicating success in formulating an NC treatment. Super-dosing phytase had no effect on whole body ADG or average daily feed intake (P > 0.10) but tended to improve G:F and feed energy efficiency (P < 0.10). Super-dosing phytase improved carcass-based feed and feed energy efficiency (P < 0.05) and tended to improve ADG (P < 0.10). Supplying phytase at “super-dosed” levels—above that required to meet the phosphorus requirement—improved growth performance in nursery pigs (6 to 22 kg BW) and provided smaller benefits in grow-finish pigs (37 to 122 kg BW). The improvement during the nursery period was independent of energy and AA levels in the diet.

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“…Errors in formulation or manufacture, although infrequent, can occur with serious consequences ( Crenshaw, 2001 ). Recently, studies have revealed that the quantity of P released by phytase may have been overestimated, which could also result in P deficiencies ( Olsen et al, 2019 ). Finally, dietary P may be rendered less available in the gastrointestinal tract in the presence of diarrhea ( Crenshaw, 2001 ) or when there is excess Ca in the diet ( Heaney and Nordin, 2002 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse effects on growth performance and bone development in nursery pigs fed diets marginally deficient in phosphorus with increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios

Becker

Gould

Petry

et al. 2020

Journal of Animal Science

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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the growth performance and bone mineral content of nursery pigs in response to increasing total calcium (Ca) to available phosphorus (aP) ratios in diets containing phytase (250 FTU/kg; Natuphos E, BASF, Florham Park, NJ). A total of 480 nursery pigs (Body weight (BW) = 5.7 ± 0.6 kg) with 10 pigs/pen and 7 pens per treatment (6 pens fed 2.75:1 diet) were allotted to 7 treatments consisting of increasing ratios of calcium to available phosphorus (Ca:aP): 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, 2.75. From d -7 - 0, pigs were fed a common diet. They were then fed the treatment diets during two experimental phases from d 1 – 14, and d 15 – 28, respectively. Available phosphorus (P) was formulated to 0.33 and 0.27% (approximately 90% of requirement) in dietary phases 1 and 2, respectively. Body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were determined. Bone mineral content (BMC) of the femur was measured on d 28 on 1 pig per pen using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using PROC MIXED (SAS, 9.3). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing the Ca:aP ratio. Over the 28-d experimental period, increasing Ca:aP ratio resulted in a linear decrease in ADG (353, 338, 328, 304, 317, 291, 280 g/d; P < 0.01), ADFI (539, 528, 528, 500, 533, 512, 489 g/d; P < 0.05), and G:F (0.68, 0.66, 0.64, 0.62, 0.61, 0.59, 0.58; P < 0.01). Increasing Ca:aP ratio also resulted in decreased BW on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.01). The BMC of the femur decreased with increasing Ca:aP ratio (6.2, 6.3, 5.7, 5.9, 5.5, 5.6, 5.3 g; P < 0.05). Regression analysis explained the impact of Ca:aP as follows on ADG (ADG (g/d) = 339 - 36x; r 2 = 0.81), G:F (G:F = 0.61 – 0.03x; r 2 = 0.72) and BMC (BMC (g) = 6.4 – 0.27x; r 2 = 0.43), where x is the Ca:aP ratio. In conclusion, all outcomes indicated that any level of calcium above the minimum used in this experiment impaired growth performance and skeletal development. Further research using even lower levels of dietary Ca is warranted.

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Evaluating phosphorus release by phytase in diets fed to growing pigs that are not deficient in phosphorus1

Cited by 16 publications

References 44 publications

A comparison of the release of phosphorus by a phytase enzyme in pigs fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus content

A comparison of the release of phosphorus by a phytase enzyme in pigs fed diets deficient or adequate in phosphorus content

The impact of “super-dosing” phytase in pig diets on growth performance during the nursery and grow-out periods1

Adverse effects on growth performance and bone development in nursery pigs fed diets marginally deficient in phosphorus with increasing calcium to available phosphorus ratios

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