The first Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1) due in 2015 concerns poverty reduction. It has been claimed to be fulfilled on a global level, but still more than 1 billion people are living in abject poverty. There is a strong link between the economy and child survival, and only a minority of countries will have reached the MDG target for child mortality reduction by 2015. This paper discusses the relationship between poverty and child survival. It argues that a focus on equity is necessary to further reduce child mortality, through poverty reduction in absolute terms and also through targeting interventions for increased child survival to disadvantaged populations. The political will to actually achieve real change for those in greatest need is crucial but not to be taken for granted, and the distribution rather than the generation of wealth needs to be made a priority in the post-MDG era.
INTRODUCTIONThe first Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1) deals with the allocation of resources and halving the rate of extreme poverty and hunger by 2015 compared to the level in 1990.1 It has been claimed that this goal was fulfilled some years ago.1 2 The proportion of extremely poor people living on less than US$1.25 a day has decreased, but the population has grown and today more than 1 billion people still live in abject poverty. 1 2 Furthermore, the global success in reaching the first MDG can to a large extent be attributed to the tremendous economic development in East Asia over the past two decades (tables 1-4).3 China alone has made a major contribution to the achievement of MDG 1. However, not much has happened in Africa. In countries like Kenya, Nigeria and Zambia, the ratio of people living on less than US $1.25 a day has actually increased (table 4).2 3 This raises the question whether achieving MDG 1 was due to the MDG effort or was just the result of inevitable development as the most populous country on Earth reached a developmental tipping point. This suggestion has both positive and negative implications-positive in the sense that once the economy of a developing society reaches a critical mass the rate of poverty will decrease as a result, and negative in the sense that world community efforts may ultimately be irrelevant as macroeconomics have a dynamic of their own. However, people drive development and changes can be made, for example, in child mortality. The so-called 'child survival revolution' from the 1970s to the turn of the millennium, when under-5 mortality fell substantially worldwide, 4 testifies to the possibility of achieving change with determination and effort unrelated to economic development. For example, before it experienced the tremendous economic development of later years, Vietnam managed to reduce child mortality from 55/1000 to 30/1000 live births through community mobilisation and a deliberate effort to improve public health through large-scale programmes for immunisation and health awareness. 5 The effort in the last 10 years to reduce neonatal mortality globally is ano...