This biochemical transformation can be supported by nitrate diffusion and infiltration into sediment and soils from overlying water (i.e., direct denitrification NO 3 − →N 2 ) or by NO 3 − generated from nitrification within these substrates (coupled nitrification-denitrification: NH 4 + → NO 3 − →N 2 ). Because these N transformations can potentially ameliorate eutrophication (i.e., N enrichment) in inland and coastal waters (All dred & Baines, 2016;Mitsch et al., 2005), denitrification is considered a key ecosystem service in coastal zones that are often subjected to high N loads as a result of human impacts (