“…This article uses an outcome-based approach, similar to other studies that have attempted to assess the effectiveness of security interventions in different contexts to assess the effectiveness of private security companies, specifically Specialized Tasks, Training, Equipment, and Protection (STTEP) (Schroeder, Chappuis, & Kocak, 2013;Bell et al, 2013;Kinsey & Krieg, 2021, Shigenoi & Maekawa, 2022Bjarnesen, 2023). STTEP is an international private military and security company with relevant experience in Africa that was selected for its significant engagement against Boko Haram in Nigeria between January and March 2015 (STTEP, 2009).…”