“…Various strategies manipulate special vehicles to improve highway traffic at bottlenecks. Examples of them include trajectory planning [49], changing the settings of adaptive cruise control according to the traffic situation [46], running slowly upstream of traffic jam [38,39,47,53,58,59,61], maneuvers combining deceleration and acceleration [60], maneuvers produced by reinforcement learning [54,55], reinforcement learning of merge control and speed harmonization [52], combination of cooperative adaptive cruise control platooning, cooperative merge, and speed harmonization [45], and the maneuvers aiming to remove the traffic jam such as Pacer Cars [22], speed harminization [57], dynamic VSL with CVs [56], and JAD [25,27]. Among these strategies, this study focuses on JAD.…”