Evaluating the Effects of Open Shelters on Limestone Deterioration at Archaeological Sites in Different Climatic Locations

Cabello-Briones, Cristina; Viles, Heather

doi:10.1080/15583058.2017.1300710

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These invalid scientific comparisons continued with respect to page 12, right column when Cassar et al [1] compared the Cabello Briones and Viles [8] study to the Becherini et al one [9]. This comparison is invalid since the length of the period within which the NaCl crystallization threshold assessments were executed is not the same.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A rebuttal in defence of misinterpretation of the Galea et al. 2016 paper entitled “Pollution monitoring for sea salt aerosols and other anionic species at Hagar Qim Temples, Malta: a pilot study”

2018

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

A rebuttal in defence of misinterpretation of the Galea et al. 2016 paper entitled “Pollution monitoring for sea salt aerosols and other anionic species at Hagar Qim Temples, Malta: a pilot study”

2018

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“…Mann-Whitney U-test, which is a nonparametric test widely used in rock weathering studies (e.g., Gómez-Pujol et al, 2006;Dragovich & Egan, 2011;Cabello-Briones & Viles, 2017), was applied to test for significant differences between control and ageing groups.…”

Section: Measurement Of Petrophysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory simulation of salt weathering under moderate ageing conditions: Implications for the deterioration of sandstone heritage in temperate climates

Wang

Viles

Désarnaud

et al. 2021

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Salt weathering is a significant process affecting the deterioration and conservation of stone-built heritage in many locations and environments. While much research has focused on the impact of salt weathering under arid or coastal conditions with characteristic climatic conditions and salt types, many sites found to be experiencing salt-induced deterioration, such as sandstone rock-hewn cave temples in Gansu Province, China and sandstone buildings in the northern UK, experience high humidities, moderate temperature ranges, and different salt types.To evaluate the impact of salt weathering on sandstone-built heritage under such mild humid environmental conditions, a lab simulation experiment was designed.The experiment was carried out on three types of sandstone (used in the northern UK and Gansu Province, China) and utilized a realistic diurnal humidity and temperature cycle (85% RH/16 C + 60% RH/22 C), and three widespread damaging salts, that is, Na 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 , and the mixture of Na 2 SO 4 -MgSO 4 . The nature and extent of deterioration was monitored by photography, weight loss, and the changes in petrophysical properties measured using hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity (P-wave velocity), water absorption coefficient by capillarity, open porosity, and apparent density. All three sandstones were found to be susceptible to MgSO 4 and the mixture of Na 2 SO 4 -MgSO 4 , but weakly affected by Na 2 SO 4 under mild humid environmental conditions.

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“…5. Figure 7 shows the uniform average surface recession of Globigerina limestone exposed at the Ħaġar Qim temple, calculated directly from the physical sample properties and the measured experimental weight change reported by Cabello-Briones and Viles (2017). This evaluation does not consider the possible influence of the deposition of particles or aerosol on the reported weight loss and recession values of the samples.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Experimental Recession Of Portland And Globigerina Limestone With The Calculated Recession Of Portland Limestomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expected annual recession of Portland as compared with Maltese Globigerina limestone was then calculated from the reported weight loss on experimental samples colocated in England (Cabello-Briones 2015). To assess the relevance of the recession values of Portland limestone in Malta calculated by the ERF, for the recession of Maltese Globigerina limestone, the recession values calculated by the ERF were then compared with observed reported values for Maltese Globigerina limestone samples exposed inside and outside the protective shelters at the megalithic temple site of Ħaġar Qim (Cabello-Briones and Viles 2017). This information was further used to assess differences in limestone weathering in Malta due to anthropogenic air pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the contribution of air pollution to the weathering of limestone heritage in Malta

Grøntoft

Cassar

2020

Environ Earth Sci

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Malta is known for its limestone megalithic temples of which many are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. A variation of this limestone was historically, and until very few years ago, a primary building material in Malta. The temples are subject to various environmental influences which until recently have led to several collapses due in part to serious stone surface and infill loss. As a protection measure, open-sided shelters have been built over three of these temples. This work assesses the degrading influence of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particle matter, sulfur dioxide, and acidity in rain) on the temples, in combination and comparison with the influence of other environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature, precipitation, moisture, sea salt, wind) and in this respect evaluates the potential protective effect of the shelters. The variation in air pollution weathering of limestone exposed outdoor in Malta was calculated by exposure–response functions from the ICP-materials programme and compared with measured values, and its contribution to the deterioration of the temples was evaluated. The difference between urban and rural locations in Malta, in the first year of atmospheric chemical weathering of limestone due to air pollution, was found to be about one micrometer loss of stone surface. This is probably less than the annual variations due to the influence of natural climatic factors, and small compared to the present annual variations in continental Europe. The deposition of sea salt and presence of salts on and in the limestone megaliths and changes in salt-crystallization events due to relative humidity fluctuations, inside and outside the shelters, will account for more of the variations in the first year of weathering of Globigerina limestone than variations in air pollution. The deterioration will also be related to temperature (including condensation events), wind parameters and rainfall, as well as ground water replenished from areas beyond the shelter.

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Evaluating the Effects of Open Shelters on Limestone Deterioration at Archaeological Sites in Different Climatic Locations

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

A rebuttal in defence of misinterpretation of the Galea et al. 2016 paper entitled “Pollution monitoring for sea salt aerosols and other anionic species at Hagar Qim Temples, Malta: a pilot study”

A rebuttal in defence of misinterpretation of the Galea et al. 2016 paper entitled “Pollution monitoring for sea salt aerosols and other anionic species at Hagar Qim Temples, Malta: a pilot study”

Laboratory simulation of salt weathering under moderate ageing conditions: Implications for the deterioration of sandstone heritage in temperate climates

An assessment of the contribution of air pollution to the weathering of limestone heritage in Malta

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