Evaluating the Efficiency of Physical and Cryptographic Security Solutions for Quantum Immune IoT

Suomalainen, Jani; Kotelba, Adrian; Kreku, Jari; Lehtonen, Sami

doi:10.3390/cryptography2010005

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Comparably, the Raspberry Pi 4 has similar specifications and therefore more closely represents the IoT devices of today. Previous studies have either used non-constrained devices [40,42] due to the availability of technology or devices of very limited capability compared to current IoT device standards [58][59][60]. Furthermore, some finalist PQAs, such as BIKE and Classic McEliece, have been modified for performance optimization between the second and third rounds of the NIST competition, and it is therefore prudent to test the most recent iterations of these PQAs [24,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constrained Device Performance Benchmarking with the Implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography

Fitzgibbon,

Ottaviani

2024

Cryptography

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Advances in quantum computers may pose a significant threat to existing public-key encryption methods, which are crucial to the current infrastructure of cyber security. Both RSA and ECDSA, the two most widely used security algorithms today, may be (in principle) solved by the Shor algorithm in polynomial time due to its ability to efficiently solve the discrete logarithm problem, potentially making present infrastructures insecure against a quantum attack. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reacted with the post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization process to develop and optimize a series of post-quantum algorithms (PQAs) based on difficult mathematical problems that are not susceptible to being solved by Shor’s algorithm. Whilst high-powered computers can run these PQAs efficiently, further work is needed to investigate and benchmark the performance of these algorithms on lower-powered (constrained) devices and the ease with which they may be integrated into existing protocols such as TLS. This paper provides quantitative benchmark and handshake performance data for the most recently selected PQAs from NIST, tested on a Raspberry Pi 4 device to simulate today’s IoT (Internet of Things) devices, and provides quantitative comparisons with previous benchmarking data on a range of constrained systems. CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium are shown to be the most efficient PQAs in the key encapsulation and signature algorithms, respectively, with Falcon providing the optimal TLS handshake size.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constrained Device Performance Benchmarking with the Implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography

Fitzgibbon,

Ottaviani

2024

Cryptography

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“…QC offers unconditional security, as eavesdropping attempts are detectable, making it a valuable asset in safeguarding data transmission (Ngobeni et al, 2020;Djordjevic, 2022). However, as quantum-assisted crypto analysers pose a new threat, the security community must focus on devising post-quantum techniques and standardized security protocols (Suomalainen et al, 2018). While the literature covers various aspects of quantum-based technologies, it underscores the lack of quantum-based signalling models for interconnect and roaming networks over IPX, emphasizing the significance of developing a comprehensive quantum-based signalling model for NB-IoT traffic over IRN.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum-Secure Signalling Model for L1/L2 Next-Gen Interconnect and Roaming Networks Over IPX for NB-IoT Traffic: A Review

Ngobeni,

Kabaso

2024

iccws

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Signalling security is critical for next-generation mobile (NGN) networks to ensure integrity, privacy, and confidentiality of communication protocols. However, recent research on existing 5G standards has uncovered vulnerabilities that could be exploited by emerging surveillance threats such as HiddenArt and Harvest Now Decrypt Later (HNDTL), as well as the prospect of quantum computing threatening to break classical cryptographic techniques. This systematic literature review (SLR) investigates quantum-based signalling solutions to mitigate these threats in interconnect and roaming 5G networks (IRN) over IP eXchange for Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) traffic. A database search was conducted, studies were selected and compared based on methods, approaches, techniques, and limitations. The SLR found that quantum key distribution (QKD) combined with quantum teleportation (QT) can protect and mitigate threats and attacks on signalling networks when protocols interact and interoperate in carrier networks. QKD techniques can be used for L1 protocols, while secure direct quantum communication can be used for L2 protocols. This study concludes that further studies are needed to integrate different techniques and protocols for L1/L2 signalling networks to create a robust quantum-secure signalling model for global interconnect and roaming NGN.

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“…The emergence of new edge computing platforms, such as cloud computing, softwaredefined networks, and the Internet-of-Things (IoT), calls for the adoption of an increasing number of security frameworks, which in turn require the introduction of a variety of primitive cryptographic elements, but the security is just one vector in the IoT world [127]. It is also necessary to implement those secure frameworks that consume less on-board processing, memory and power resources [128].…”

Section: Lightweight Lattice-based Cryptography For Iot Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Quantum Cryptosystems for Internet-of-Things: A Survey on Lattice-Based Algorithms

Asif

2021

IoT

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The latest quantum computers have the ability to solve incredibly complex classical cryptography equations particularly to decode the secret encrypted keys and making the network vulnerable to hacking. They can solve complex mathematical problems almost instantaneously compared to the billions of years of computation needed by traditional computing machines. Researchers advocate the development of novel strategies to include data encryption in the post-quantum era. Lattices have been widely used in cryptography, somewhat peculiarly, and these algorithms have been used in both; (a) cryptoanalysis by using lattice approximation to break cryptosystems; and (b) cryptography by using computationally hard lattice problems (non-deterministic polynomial time hardness) to construct stable cryptographic functions. Most of the dominant features of lattice-based cryptography (LBC), which holds it ahead in the post-quantum league, include resistance to quantum attack vectors, high concurrent performance, parallelism, security under worst-case intractability assumptions, and solutions to long-standing open problems in cryptography. While these methods offer possible security for classical cryptosytems in theory and experimentation, their implementation in energy-restricted Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices requires careful study of regular lattice-based implantation and its simplification in lightweight lattice-based cryptography (LW-LBC). This streamlined post-quantum algorithm is ideal for levelled IoT device security. The key aim of this survey was to provide the scientific community with comprehensive information on elementary mathematical facts, as well as to address real-time implementation, hardware architecture, open problems, attack vectors, and the significance for the IoT networks.

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Evaluating the Efficiency of Physical and Cryptographic Security Solutions for Quantum Immune IoT

Cited by 12 publications

References 52 publications

Constrained Device Performance Benchmarking with the Implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography

Constrained Device Performance Benchmarking with the Implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography

Quantum-Secure Signalling Model for L1/L2 Next-Gen Interconnect and Roaming Networks Over IPX for NB-IoT Traffic: A Review

Post-Quantum Cryptosystems for Internet-of-Things: A Survey on Lattice-Based Algorithms

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