paper commissioned by Women's Shelters Canada, from which we gratefully acknowledge funding that helped support this research. This discussion paper was submitted to the National Action Plan on Gender-based Violence Working Group on Social Infrastructure and Enabling Environments. We thank members of the working group for their helpful comments and suggestions. All inferences, opinions, and conclusions drawn in this paper are those of the authors, and do not reflect the opinions or policies of the Women's Shelters Canada. The authors declare they have no competing interests, either financial or community in nature.