Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

Worley-Morse, Thomas; Mann, Melanie; Khunjar, Wendell; Olabode, Lola; González, Raúl

doi:10.1002/wer.1096

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The variation in the reduction efficacy of viruses during operational conditions in the secondary treatment and chlorination depends on various factors, such as retention time, water temperature, and flow volume 56 . For example, secondary biological treatment processes typically achieve less than 2-log 10 reduction of viruses 57 , while modified membrane bioreactor secondary treatment could achieve greater reductions (3.0 to >6.7 log 10 ) than conventional secondary treatment (1.5-4.2 log 10 ) 58 . One of the most important findings of this study is the demonstratation of the applicability of these viruses as indicators of human enteric virus reduction during the wastewater treatment process due to their lower reduction efficiencies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, human enteric viruses were not detected in secondary-treated sewage but were detected in final effluent, which was also reported in a previous study conducted in the USA 15 . Results of "no detection" are commonly obtained during the quantification of viruses at WWTPs 3,57 . This variation may occur due to the lack of homogeneity of viral particles or obstruction of the analysis by organic matter or suspended solids present in wastewater 57,58 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results of "no detection" are commonly obtained during the quantification of viruses at WWTPs 3,57 . This variation may occur due to the lack of homogeneity of viral particles or obstruction of the analysis by organic matter or suspended solids present in wastewater 57,58 . Moreover, the efficiency of virus removal also depends on the adsorptive affinities and the adsorbents such as sand, pure clays, bacterial cells, naturally occurring suspended colloids, estuarine silts, and sediments 59,60 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Tandukar

Sherchan

Haramoto

2020

Sci Rep

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this study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (pMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (tMV) as indicators of the reduction of human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. thirty-nine samples were collected from three steps at a wastewater treatment plant (raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent) monthly for a 13-month period. in addition to the three indicator viruses, eight human enteric viruses [human adenoviruses, Jc and BK polyomaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses, and noroviruses of genogroups I, II, and IV] were tested by quantitative pcR. indicator viruses were consistently detected in the tested samples, except for a few final effluents for crAssphage and TMV. The mean concentrations of crAssphage were significantly higher than those of most tested viruses. The concentrations of crAssphage in raw sewage were positively correlated with the concentrations of all tested human enteric viruses (p <0.05), suggesting the applicability of crAssphage as a suitable indicator to estimate the concentrations of human enteric viruses in raw sewage. The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (1.8 ± 0.7 log 10) were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by TMV (2.0 ± 0.3 log 10) and PMMoV (2.0 ± 0.4 log 10). Our findings suggested that the use of not only AiV-1 and PMMoV but also TMV as indicators of reductions in viral levels can be applicable during wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are currently facing numerous issues regarding insufficient treatment of human enteric viruses during the treatment process 1. Although a number of treatment procedures to remove physical, chemical, and microbiological waste from sewage are performed, these processess still need to be improved to reduce the viral content of water 2. The advanced multiple-barrier concept has been proposed for wastewater reclamation and reuse; however, it is insufficient to achieve complete reduction of human enteric viruses 3,4. In fact, advanced wastewater treatment has been developed to achieve reduction of viruses by facilitating chemical clarification, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation at different levels of regulatory control 5. However, despite implementing these modifications, the efficiency with which treatment can reduce viral levels in wastewater is still unsatisfactory. Moreover, no authorized regulatory standard for the reduction of viruses in wastewater treatment has yet been established 6. Human enteric viruses are the leading cause of waterborne illnesses and usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route 5-7. Infected individuals discharge millions of viral particles that ultimately enter sewage systems 7. In this context, it is important to study the efficiency of virus reduction at WWTPs to ascertain whether all viruses are removed from effluent samples or not. Fecal indicator bacteria, such as total coliforms and Escherichia coli, are not reliable indicators of the presence and removal of human enteric viruses during wastewa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Tandukar

Sherchan

Haramoto

2020

Sci Rep

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“…In both laboratories, samples were stored at 4 °C prior to analysis for no longer than 36 hours. SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification methods were developed based on previous studies(24)(25)(26)(27). Methods differed between BCM and Rice laboratories, and evolved within our individual laboratories over the course of the study period, as detailed below.Virus concentrationBCM concentration methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 as a Predictive Metric of Positivity Rate for a Major Metropolis

Stadler

Ensor

Clark

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested as an epidemiological indicator of community infection dynamics and disease prevalence. We report wastewater viral RNA levels of SARS-CoV-2 in a major metropolis serving over 3.6 million people geographically spread over 39 distinct sampling sites. Viral RNA levels were followed weekly for 22 weeks, both before, during, and after a major surge in cases, and simultaneously by two independent laboratories. We found SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater levels were a strong predictive indicator of trends in the nasal positivity rate two-weeks in advance. Furthermore, wastewater viral RNA loads demonstrated robust tracking of positivity rate for populations served by individual treatment plants, findings which were used in real-time to make public health interventions, including deployment of testing and education strike teams.

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“…The inactivation performance is tested for two types of bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) under various electric field conditions. Both of the bacteria are abundantly found in raw water and are widely used as indicator organisms in the water treatment process [36,37]. Figure 1a shows a schematic of our proposed device, with its working principle illustrated in Figure 1b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electroporation Device with Microbead-Enhanced Electric Field for Bacterial Inactivation

et al. 2019

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This paper presents an electroporation device with high bacterial inactivation performance (~4.75 log removal). Inside the device, insulating silica microbeads are densely packed between two mesh electrodes that enable enhancement of the local electric field strength, allowing improved electroporation of bacterial cells. The inactivation performance of the device is evaluated using two model bacteria, including one Gram-positive bacterium (Enterococcus faecalis) and one Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) under various applied voltages. More than 4.5 log removal of bacteria is obtained for the applied electric field strength of 2 kV/cm at a flowrate of 4 mL/min. The effect of microbeads on the inactivation performance is assessed by comparing the performance of the microbead device with that of the device having no microbeads under same operating conditions. The comparison results show that only 0.57 log removal is achieved for the device having no microbeads—eightfold lower than for the device with microbeads.

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Evaluating the fate of bacterial indicators, viral indicators, and viruses in water resource recovery facilities

Cited by 32 publications

References 58 publications

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Wastewater Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 as a Predictive Metric of Positivity Rate for a Major Metropolis

An Electroporation Device with Microbead-Enhanced Electric Field for Bacterial Inactivation

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