“…The desire to interpret many curvilinear data together has increased the requirements for functional data analysis methods, and with the development of these methods, it is aimed to reveal the underlying structures of functional data called curves or surfaces. With the development of functional equivalents of multivariate statistical analysis techniques, functional data analysis (FDA) techniques have found a wide range of applications such as financial data (Wang et al, 2021), medical data (Ullah and Finch, 2013), climate change (Ghumman et al, 2020), air quality (Martinez Torres et al, 2020), management science (Dass and Shropshire, 2012), pandemics (Tang et al, 2020), etc. A detailed review of applications of functional data analysis can be found in Ullah and Finch (2013).…”