Evaluating the impacts of plantations and associated forestry operations in Africa—methods and indicators

How do sectoral policies support climate compatible development? An empirical analysis focusing on southern Africa

“…Similarly within the forest sector, economic pressure to increase commercialisation of forest products, often at the detriment of the local forest community and in detracting from a CCD pathway, offers an appealing means to increase income by powerful actors (Ingram et al, 2016). In the water sector, a balance of demand and supply measures offers the most viable method of managing water resources, diversifying the portfolio of management approaches at the river basin level, particularly with increasing water scarcity and competition between users (Molle, 2003).…”

Towards a typology of forest-managing organisations around the globe

“…Nevertheless, these FMOs might operate temporarily at a loss or break-even due to unfavourable economic and socio-political conditions or ecological calamities, resulting in higher investment costs. However, it should be noted that for-profit FMOs, while primarily profit-oriented, can and often do contribute non-marketable outputs through positive externalities (Malkamäki et al 2018, Kainyande et al 2022), legal requirements (Ingram et al 2016), or efforts to improve their public image (Degnet et al 2018). In contrast, not-for-profit FMOs primarily aim to maximise outputs to ensure the subsistence use of forest products (Hoch et al 2009), create safety nets or savings from standing timber (Chambers and Leach 1989), provide management services to forest owners (Lawrence et al 2020, Hintz et al 2021), or generate ecosystem services (Cubbage et al 2007) without the need for maximising profit.…”

Forest plantations’ investments in social services and local infrastructure: an analysis of private, FSC certified and state-owned, non-certified plantations in rural Tanzania

“…In October 2014, we made a short visit to the study area and interviewed stakeholders including villagers, village leaders, plantation workers and managers, teachers, health workers, tree grower association members, district officers and customers of plantations (Ingram et al, 2016). We used the results of the interviews to inform the design of the survey.…”