Evaluating the Interdependencies of Infrastructure Critical Systems during Earthquake Event: A Case Study for Padang City

Abstract

Our modern society is becoming increasingly reliant on transportation networks, as well as the interdependent infrastructures and technologies that interact with them. The increasing complexity and interconnectedness of infrastructure networks make them susceptible to impact not only directly from external shocks but also indirectly from the failure of dependent infrastructures. This research study was conducted in Padang city, one of the most disaster-prone areas in Indonesia. Based on the literature review, it is no doubt that research study on seismic risk assessment is insufficient and outdated. In fact, a study about the interdependency between Critical Infrastructures (CIs) is yet to be done in this region. In this study, there are two approaches used for data gathering which is by surveying existing CIs using Google Earth and by an online questionnaire survey via Google Form. Based on the qualitative survey, a functionality rating method is done to obtain the level of outage/loss functionality which is an indicator for the damage occurred to the structure and infrastructure. Following that, a seismic risk analysis was conducted to assess the interdependency between investigated CIs and facilities. Respondents’ judgement from the questionnaire were used to identify the base criticality of each critical infrastructure. Based on the qualitative survey, the level of loss in functionality for the substation and the telecommunication tower is rated as “High”, but the loss in functionality for the water supply system is rated as “Moderate”. Moreover, the findings used from the respondents’ judgements were used to establish the initial level of criticality for each vital infrastructure. According to the findings, hospitals, power substations, and communication towers all have a criticality level of “5-Vital”, while police stations and fire stations both have a “3-medium” criticality rating. Eventually, the results of this assessment of interdependence are displayed in a criticality map, which shows how the interdependency relationship affects the initial criticality of a certain upstream infrastructure. Understanding the potential consequences of infrastructure failure, especially in regard to dependent infrastructures, can help emergency response teams formulate more targeted strategies for managing risks. As a consequence of this, the resilience of the wider community is improved, which contributes toward the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable cities and communities particularly in reducing disasters and people in vulnerable situation.

A Review of Approaches for Mitigating Effects from Variable Operational Environments on Piezoelectric Transducers for Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring

“…Underground installations or spaces, e.g., tunnels or mines, often hold mechanical loads, temperature and humidity roughly constant, but may yield damage to SHM transducers and systems by exposure to corrosive media. Earthquake prone locations require special attention if the SHM system is able to monitor structures during or after seismic events of a specified magnitude [ 39 , 40 ].…”

“…Critical infrastructure resilience in general, as discussed in [ 70 ], comprises aspects of robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness and rapidity. The complexity and interdependency of modern infrastructure [ 40 ] makes mitigating damage from natural hazards difficult. Besides the damage due to mechanical loads, the SHM system operation may be affected by power failures, interruption of signal lines or telecommunication problems.…”

Resilient critical infrastructures: An innovative methodological perspective for critical infrastructure (CI) integrated assessment models by inducing digital technologies during multi-hazard incidents

“…The first type is intrinsic or direct damage that is caused directly from different types of hazardous incidents on the triggered system itself i.e., structural and geotechnical failure of piers in bridges, columns failure in buildings, and damaged embankments for roadway systems. On the other hand, the second type is eccentric or indirect damage that is described by the cascading effect of CI on other surrounding one in integrated infrastructural system such as, the affect of collapsed building debris on the surrounding road networks or the cascading effect of road embankments on different lifelines beneath roadway systems [5] .…”

“…This research is not focusing on the technical development of the integrated vulnerability assessment method, where, it has been developed and investigated in our previous research studies [ 5 , 6 ]. Mainly, the focus in this studies on the challenges facing the development of the CI integrated assessment models during multi-hazard incidents, the importance of deploying the integrated vulnerability assessment models and indices for advancing the disaster risk reduction strategies, and the role of digital technologies in improving these integrated assessment models.…”

Framework for a City’s Performance Assessment in the Case of an Earthquake

“…The interconnectivity and interdependencies of different urban components (buildings, infrastructure, open spaces, the social component [34]) create efficient service delivery, but the failure of one component may result in cascade effects with severe consequences. Therefore, some studies deal with the impact of buildings on the road transportation infrastructure [35,36] and interdependency between critical infrastructure [37], while others address social influences [38,39] and the significance of open spaces [40][41][42]. However, a holistic approach to the assessment of a city's seismic performance should encompass the complexity of an urban system as a whole, including its main physical and social components and the dynamic interactions between them [34].…”