2010
DOI: 10.1068/b35051
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Evaluating the Outcomes of Plans: Theory, Practice, and Methodology

Abstract: Despite calls for performance-oriented and evidence-based planning, the outcomes of land use and environmental plans are rarely monitored or assessed ex post facto (that is, post implementation). As a result, planners cannot know whether or why plans achieve their goals, or learn from the results of past interventions to improve planning practice. This evaluation gap is caused by a lack of methodology to evaluate the outcomes of plans and the difficulty of attributing changes to planning activities. We address… Show more

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Cited by 138 publications
(165 citation statements)
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References 42 publications
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“…Social mix is defined as the presence of residents from different backgrounds and income levels in the same neighborhood, and suggested to be achieved by the availability of different housing options in terms of price ranges, tenure type and building types, and the availability of diversity of jobs in the proximity (UN Habitat, 2015). However, as urban planning takes place in open systems with many purposeful parts (i.e., people and organizations pursuing their interests), it is difficult to link planning activities to outcomes in the urban reality (Laurian et al, 2010). Therefore, this study has chosen two highly institutionalized planning systems-in Sweden and Japan-to increase the likelihood that planning has in fact affected the urban reality.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Social mix is defined as the presence of residents from different backgrounds and income levels in the same neighborhood, and suggested to be achieved by the availability of different housing options in terms of price ranges, tenure type and building types, and the availability of diversity of jobs in the proximity (UN Habitat, 2015). However, as urban planning takes place in open systems with many purposeful parts (i.e., people and organizations pursuing their interests), it is difficult to link planning activities to outcomes in the urban reality (Laurian et al, 2010). Therefore, this study has chosen two highly institutionalized planning systems-in Sweden and Japan-to increase the likelihood that planning has in fact affected the urban reality.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although some scholars do investigate plan conformance, these are centred on outcome conformance (or more specifically on land use change) rather than output conformance (Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin, Mohd Nuruddin Abdul Kadir, & Susilawati Sulaiman, 2009;Alterman, Carmon, & Hill, 1984;Chapin, Deyle, & Baker, 2008;Combe, 2008;Hao, Sliuzas, Zhan, & Geertman, 2009;Laurian et al, 2010;Tarmiji Masron & Ruslan Rainis, 2004). Except for Calkins (1979), who proposes a 'planning monitor' to measure plan output conformance.…”
Section: Plan Output Monitoringmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Jang, C., Phillips, S., and Wang, B., (2008) Planners (2016) Despite its importance, prior studies related to monitoring of plan output conformance is limited. Although some scholars do investigate plan conformance, these are centred on outcome conformance (or more specifically on land use change) rather than output conformance (Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin, Mohd Nuruddin Abdul Kadir, & Susilawati Sulaiman, 2009;Alterman, Carmon, & Hill, 1984;Chapin, Deyle, & Baker, 2008;Combe, 2008;Hao, Sliuzas, Zhan, & Geertman, 2009;Laurian et al, 2010;Tarmiji Masron & Ruslan Rainis, 2004). Except for Calkins (1979), who proposes a 'planning monitor' to measure plan output conformance.…”
Section: Public Motorized Transportmentioning
confidence: 99%