“…The APF method is popular among researchers due to its many advantages, such as simplicity and adaptability. However, there are well-documented inherited problems in APF-based methods [7,12,13]. These inherited drawbacks, such as (i) trap situations or dead locks (local minima), (ii) no passage between closely spaced obstacles, (iii) oscillations in narrow corridors and (iv) the goal non-reachable-with-obstacles-nearby problem (GN-RON), have motivated researchers to improve the APF-based methods and overcome these problems [14][15][16][17].…”